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推 cynicalfaith: 10/02 07:04
French Muslims Find Haven in Catholic Schools
法國穆斯林在天主教學校尋找避風港
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/world/europe/30schools.html?_r=1&em=&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print
By KATRIN BENNHOLD
MARSEILLE, France — The bright cafeteria of St. Mauront Catholic School is
conspicuously quiet: It is Ramadan, and 80 percent of the students are
Muslim. When the lunch bell rings, girls and boys stream out past the
crucifixes and the large wooden cross in the corridor, heading for Muslim
midday prayer.
法國天主教學校是安靜：這是齋戒月，而且百分之八十的學生是穆斯林。當午飯鈴聲
響起，女孩和男孩經過十字架和大木頭交叉的走廊，前往穆斯林中午祈禱。
“There is respect for our religion here,” said Nadia Oualane, 14, a student
of Algerian descent who wears her hair hidden under a black head scarf. “In
the public school,” she added, gesturing at nearby buildings, “I would not
be allowed to wear a veil.”
“在這裡 他們尊重我們的宗教 ”納迪亞說 ， 14歲，一名把她的頭髮隱藏在黑色頭巾的
阿爾及利亞後裔學生。 “在公立學校， ”她補充說， “我不會被允許戴面紗。
In France, which has only four Muslim schools, some of the country’s 8,847
Roman Catholic schools have become refuges for Muslims seeking what an
overburdened, secularist public sector often lacks: spirituality, an
environment in which good manners count alongside mathematics, and higher
academic standards.
在法國只有4個穆斯林學校， 而8847個 羅馬天主教學校已成為穆斯林的庇護所
No national statistics are kept, but Muslim and Catholic educators estimate
that Muslim students now make up more than 10 percent of the two million
students in Catholic schools. In ethnically mixed neighborhoods in Marseille
and the industrial north, the proportion can be more than half.
穆斯林和天主教教育工作者估計，穆斯林學生現在在200萬天主教學校學生中超過百分之
十。在民族混居的地區，馬賽和北部的工業，這一比例可以超過半數。
The quiet migration of Muslims to private Catholic schools highlights how
hard it has become for state schools, long France’s tool for integration, to
keep their promise of equal opportunity.
Traditionally, the republican school, born of the French Revolution, was the
breeding ground for citizens. The shift from these schools is another
indication of the challenge facing the strict form of secularism known as “la
ïcité.”
Following centuries of religious wars and a long period of conflict between
the nascent Republic and an assertive clergy, a 1905 law granted religious
freedom in predominantly Roman Catholic France and withdrew financial support
and formal recognition from all faiths. Religious education and symbols were
banned from public schools.
經過幾百年的宗教戰爭，並在很長一段之間國家與教會的衝突
1905年法律賦予的宗教自由
公立學校禁止宗教教育
France is now home to around five million Muslims, Western Europe’s largest
such community, and new fault lines have emerged. In 2004, a ban on the head
scarf in state schools prompted outcry and debate about loosening the
interpretation of the 1905 law.
法國現在有大約500萬穆斯林
2004年，禁止頭巾的規定 在學校引起強烈抗議和辯論
“Laïcité has become the state’s religion, and the republican school is
its temple,” said Imam Soheib Bencheikh, a former grand mufti in Marseille
and founder of its Higher Institute of Islamic Studies. Imam Bencheikh’s
oldest daughter attends Catholic school.
“It’s ironic,” he said, “but today the Catholic Church is more tolerant
of — and knowledgeable about — Islam than the French state.”
“這是具有諷刺意味的， ”他說， “但今天，天主教會比法國政府 更加寬容的-和了解
-伊斯蘭教。”
For some, economics argue for Catholic schools, which tend to be smaller than
public ones and much less expensive than private schools in other countries.
In return for the schools’ teaching the national curriculum and being open
to students of all faiths, the government pays teachers’ salaries and a
per-student subsidy. Annual costs for parents average 1,400 euros (less than
$2,050) for junior high school and 1,800 euros (about $2,630) for high
school, according to the Roman Catholic educational authority.
每年的學費 平均為一千四百歐元（少於2050美元 ）的初中
和1800歐元（約二千六百三十〇美元）高中，
In France’s highly centralized education system, the national curriculum
proscribes religious instruction beyond general examination of religious
tenets and faiths as it occurs in history lessons. Religious instruction,
like Catholic catechism, is voluntary.
全國課程禁止宗教教育考試 超出一般的宗教信條和信仰，
And Catholic schools take steps to accommodate different faiths. One school
in Dijon allows Muslim students to use the chapel for Ramadan prayers.
天主教學校適應不同的信仰。一所學校允許穆斯林學生使用教堂在齋戒月祈禱。
Catholic schools are also free to allow girls to wear head scarves. Many
honor the state ban, but several, like St. Mauront, tolerate a discreet
covering.
天主教學校還讓女孩戴頭巾。
The school, tucked under an overpass in the city’s northern housing
projects, embodies tectonic shifts in French society over the past century.
Founded in 1905 in a former soap factory, the school initially served mainly
Catholic students whose parents were French, said the headmaster, Jean
Chamoux. Before World War II, Italian and some Portuguese immigrants arrived;
since the 1960s, Africans from former French colonies. Today there is barely
a white face among the 117 students.
Mr. Chamoux, a slow-moving, jovial man, has been here 20 years and seems to
know each student by name. Under a crucifix in his cramped office, he
extolled the virtues of Catholic schools. “We practice religious freedom;
the public schools don’t,” he said. “We teach the national curriculum.
Religious activities are entirely optional.”
天主教學校。 “我們尊重宗教自由;公立學校卻不這樣做， ”他說。
“我們教的國家課程。宗教活動完全是可以選修的。 “
“If I banned the head scarf, half the girls wouldn’t go to school at all,”
he added. “I prefer to have them here, talk to them and tell them that they
have a choice. Many actually take it off after a while. My goal is that by
the time they graduate they have made a conscious choice, one way or the
other.”
“如果我禁止頭巾，有一半的女孩不會去上學， ”他補充說。 “我希望他們在這裡，與
他們交談，並告訴他們，他們是可以自由選擇。許多女孩 一段時間以後 就不戴頭巾了。
我的目標是，到他們畢業時，他們已經可以有意識地選擇，不管戴不戴頭巾。 “
Defenders of secularism retort that such leniency could encourage other
special requests, and anti-Western values like the oppression of women.
“The head scarf is a sexist sign, and discrimination between the sexes has
no place in the republican school,” France’s minister of national
education, Xavier Darcos, said in a telephone interview. “That is the
fundamental reason why we are against it.”
“頭巾是一種性別歧視的標誌，在公立學校 不允許男女之間的歧視， ”法國教育部長，
在電話採訪中說。 “這是根本原因，我們反對它。 ”
Mr. Chamoux said he suspects that some pupils (“a small minority,” he said)
wear the scarf because of pressure from family. He acknowledged that parents
routinely demand exemptions from swimming lessons for daughters who, when
denied, present a medical certificate and miss class anyway. Recently, he
said, he put his foot down when students asked to remove the crucifix in a
classroom they wanted for communal prayers during Ramadan, which in France
ends on Tuesday.
他懷疑，一些學生（ “少數人， ”他說）戴圍巾，因為來自家庭的壓力。
The biology teacher at St. Mauront has been challenged on Darwin’s theory of
evolution, and history class can get heated during discussions of the
Crusades or the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In 2001, after the Sept. 11
attacks, some Muslim students shocked the staff by showing glee, Mr. Chamoux
recalled.
在天主教學校 生物學教師被達爾文的進化論質疑，
歷史課 在討論十字軍東征 或是以巴衝突 都能有激烈的討論
在2001年， 9.11之後，一些工作人員對穆斯林學生的舉動感到震驚
因為穆斯林學生表現的很高興
Chamoux先生回憶說。
The school deals swiftly with offensive comments, he said, but also tries to
respect Islam. It takes Muslim holidays into account for parent-teacher
meetings. For two years now, it has offered optional Arabic-language
instruction — in part to steer students away from Koran classes in
neighborhood mosques believed to preach radical Islam.
學校試圖尊重伊斯蘭教。
兩年來，它提供了可選的阿拉伯語教學
When Zohra Hanane, the parent of a Muslim student, was asked why she chose
Catholic school for her daughter, Sabrina, her answer was swift. “We share
the same God,” she said.
有人問穆斯林的家長 為什麼為她的女兒選擇了天主教學校?
她的回答是迅速的。 “我們有著相同的天主， ”她說。
But faith is not the only argument. Even though Ms. Hanane, who is a single
mother and currently unemployed, struggles to meet the annual fee at St.
Mauront of 249 euros ($364) — unusually low, because the school receives
additional state subsidies and has spartan facilities — she said it was
worth it because she did not want her children with “the wrong crowd” in
the projects.
信仰並不是唯一的理由。
天主教學校每年的費用249歐元（約合364美元 ） -非常低
而且她不想自己的孩子與“不好的同儕”在一起
“It’s expensive and sometimes it’s hard, but I want my children to have a
better life,” Ms. Hanane said. “Today this seems to be their best shot.”
“學費還是昂貴的，有時很難，但我希望我的孩子們有一個更好的生活， ” Hanane女士
說。 “今天，這似乎是他們最好。 ”
Across town, in the gleaming compound housing the Sainte-Trinité high school
in the wealthy neighborhood of Mazargues, the rules and conditions are
different, but the arguments are similar. Muslim girls there do not wear head
scarves.
But Imene Sahraoui, 17, a practicing Muslim and the daughter of an Algerian
businessman and former diplomat, attends the school, above all to get top
grades and move on to business school, preferably abroad.
“Public schools just don’t prepare you in the same way,” she said.
“公立學校不像天主教學校教這麼的認真， ”她說。
Fifteen of the top 20 high schools in France are Catholic schools, according
to a recent ranking in the magazine L’Express. Catholic schools remain
popular among Muslims even in cities where Muslim schools have sprung up:
Paris, Lyon and Lille.
法國前20名的高中 有 15個是天主教學校，
根據最新的排名。
天主教學校仍然很受穆斯林歡迎
Muslim schools have been hampered in part by the relative poverty of the
Muslim community. And only one Muslim school, the Averroës high school on
one floor of the Lille mosque, has qualified for state subsidies. To survive,
the other three charge significantly higher fees.
Also, as M’hamed Ed-Dyouri, headmaster of a new Muslim school just outside
Paris, said, “We have to prove ourselves first.” For now, he plans to
enroll his son in Catholic school.
穆罕默德愛德華，一個新的穆斯林學校的校長
目前，他想送他的兒子到天主教學校讀書。
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