1. Using specific example, describe the two phenomena that give rise to
the diversity of adhesive molecules.
2. Using structural model, explain how integrin mediates outside-in and
inside-out signaling.
3. Why the membrane potential in animal cells is positive outside
relative to negative inside the plasma membrane? How a cell is
hypopolarized, hyperpolarized and depolarized.
4. Name the three phase of an actional potential. Describe for each
underlying molecular basis and the ion involved. Why is the term
voltage-gated channel applied to Na+ channel involved in the
generation of an action potential?
5. What are the major organelles of eucaryotes, and what is function of
each? What is cytosol? What cellular processes occur within the
cytosol? How can you separate the organells and how to identify them?
6. Three systems of cytoskeletal filaments exist in most eucaryotic
cells. Compare them in terms of composition, function and structure.
7. Compare the factors affecting polymerization and depolymerization of
G-actin and tubulin. Describe the power-stroke model for skeletal
muscle contraction, and the mill-stread model for the adjustment
of the length of microtubule.▉▂
8. Individual cytoskeletal filaments are typically organized into more
complex structures within the cytosol. What two general types of
structures do individual filaments combine to form in the cytosol?
How are these structures created and maintained.
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