國際關係

[eloveb (我要練球我要變強)]

                                 第四講
                           傳統中國和國際社會

   歐洲在三十年戰爭 (Thrity Year's War)，西元1648(清順治五年)簽訂Treaty of
Westphalia(威斯特菲里亞條約)後，進入國際社會，共355年。
   中國則是在1842(清道光22年)，簽訂南京條約後進入國際社會，共161年。

               法國巴黎大學教授 Raymomd Aron (雷蒙‧敖倫)
    在著作 Peace and War, A Theory of International Relation, praeger, New York,
1968,pp95 中提到

  "At the time there were two reasons that combined to exclude China from the
European systems: physical distance prohibited China from taking military
action in Europe, while limiting European military capacity in the Far East；
moral distance between cultures made dialogue difficult reciprocal(互相的)
comprehension impossible."

                美國學者 John G. Stoessinger (史都辛格)
    在著作 The Might of Nations, World Politics in Our Time, Random House,
New York, pp115~116.

  "The world beyond  the Great Wall of China did not hold much interest since,
in the eyes of the Chinese, it was populated by barbarians. Hence, the foreign
relations of Empire were in essence tributary(朝貢的) relationships: long
caravans(商旅) laden with (裝上) gifts for the Emperor would weave their way
across the land to the Imperial Court at Peiping； the envoy(使臣) would
kowtow(磕頭) before the Son of Heaven(天子), present the tribute, and hope for
the favor of being permitted to trade with the great Empire. The arts of
war and the use of violence were not held in high esteem in Confucian ethos.
The Chinese believed that since it was perfectly evident that their Empire
was a superior civilization, it would be in the interest of all barbarians to
learn from it rather than destroy it. The military preparedness of the Empire
was therefore limited to defense intermittent(間歇的) incursions by barbarians
into China's territory.
   With the West, this self-sufficient and almost static(靜止的) society had
virtually no contact whatsoever. The first massive Western impact occurred
in the eighteenth century, when the British in their guest for(尋求) more
lucrative(有利的) trade become intent upon establishing trade relations with
the Empire. The Chinese, significantly enough, attempted to fit these British
overture(提案) into their traditional frame work."

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簽名檔是什麼??
可以吃嗎??

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