→ TBOC:不過從修辭來看 學者認為非mark風格06/04 00:13
把用字統計列出來，就會發現馬可福音的用字風格本來就多變，
甚至別章比馬可福音長結尾16:9-20長結尾有更高頻率的不同用字風格，
你所指稱的＂非mark風格＂現象。
（有些文本批判對聖經用字統計特別採取嚴格高標準，以致於同樣的用字標準會否定
德國文豪歌德早年與晚年的作品是同一人所寫的。
對長結尾的評論則是標準不一，馬可福音別章的用字風格還比長結尾更有可能是別人
寫的。）
馬可福音長結尾16:9-20每一節平均會出現1.08個只被使用過一次的單字
(Words Used Only Once,簡稱WUOO)，在其他段落都沒有使用過，
這在馬可福音的用字風格是很常見的現象，
平均每節出現的WUOO： 第7章1.14個，第13章1.08個，第15章1.15個，
都比長結尾有更高或相同比例的WUOO，甚至長結尾之前的第15章的WUOO比例就比16章
長結尾還更高。
Chapter Number of Number of Hapax Ratio
Words Used Only Once Verses Legomena WUOO/Verses
1 39 45 6 .86
2 16 28 3 .57
3 13 35 1 .37
4 42 41 2 1.02
5 25 43 4 .58
6 46 56 3 .82
7 41 36 * 6 1.14
8 23 38 2 .61
9 43 48 * 10 .90
10 40 52 5 .77
11 14 32 * 2 .44
12 46 44 5 1.05
13 40 37 3 1.08
14 70 72 5 .97
15 53 46 * 5 1.15
16:1-8 4 8 0 .50
Subtotals 555 661 62 .84
16:9-20 13 12 1 1.08
Totals 568 673 63 .84
馬可福音長結尾中的用字，＂在馬可福音其他段落沒有出現過＂的字共有16個，
其中8個字是＂同字根單字變化型／縮減型＂在別的段落被使用過的，
而且同字根單字出現頻率還頗高。
其他3個字則是明顯與＂復活＂主題特別有關聯，只在此處出現並不稀奇：
apisteo ("disbelieve"), endeka ("eleven"), and analambano ("take up")
長結尾的用字風格在馬可福音中並不算特別奇異，同樣的現象在馬可福音別章
還更頻繁。
http://bible.ovu.edu/terry//articles/mkendsty.htm
Objections Based on Vocabulary
Three objections to the Markan authorship of these last twelve verses are
raised on the grounds of vocabulary. They are: (1) sixteen words used in this
section are not used elsewhere in the Gospel of Mark; (2) three of these
words are used more than once in this section; and (3) this section does not
contain some of Mark's favorite words: eutheos or euthus (both meaning
"immediately") and palin ("again").
The main objection to the Markan authorship of these verses based on
vocabulary is that sixteen words used in this section are not used elsewhere
in the Gospel of Mark. The sixteen words are: poreuomai ("go," three times,
vv. 10, 12, 15), pentheo ("mourn," v. 10), theaomai ("see," twice, vv. 11,
14), apisteo ("not believe, disbelieve," twice, vv. 11, 16), heteros
("another, different," v. 12), morphe ("form," v. 12), husteron ("afterward,"
v. 14), endeka ("eleven," v. 14), parakoloutheo ("follow, accompany," v. 17),
ophis ("serpent, snake," v. 18), thanasimos ("deadly," v. 18), blapto ("hurt,
harm," v. 18), analambano ("receive up, take up," v. 19), sunergeo ("work
with," v. 20), bebaioo ("confirm," v. 20), and epakoloutheo ("follow,
attend," v. 10).
In all fairness, however, it should be pointed out that eight of these
sixteen do have their word root used elsewhere in Mark. Poreuomai may not be
used before this section, but its compounds are used 25 times elsewhere
(eisporeuomai—8 times; ekporeuomai—11 times; paraporeuomai—4 times;
prosporeuomai— once; sumporeuomai—once); in fact poreuomai itself is a
variant reading in Mark 9:30. It is certainly no surprise to find this word
used three times in this section. Apisteo is not found elsewhere in Mark, but
its noun form apistia ("unbelief") is found not only in this section (v. 14),
but twice elsewhere (6:6; 9:24). Morphe is not found elsewhere in the four
Gospels, but metamorphoo ("transfigure, transform") is found in Mark 9:2.
Parakoloutheo and epakoloutheo are found only here in Mark, but akoloutheo is
used 19 times in Mark and sunakoloutheo twice. Thanasimos occurs only here in
the New Testament, but thanatos ("death") is found six times in Mark and
thanatoo ("put to death") twice. Analambano is found only here in the
Gospels, but lambano is used 21 times in Mark. And although sunergeo occurs
only here in the Gospels, ergazomai is found once and ergon twice in Mark.
In addition, it should be pointed out that three of these sixteen words are
found only in the post-resurrection accounts in the story of Jesus' life
(i.e., in the Gospels plus Acts 1). They are apisteo ("disbelieve"), endeka
("eleven"), and analambano ("take up"). It is therefore not unusual to find
these words only here in Mark because of the subject matter.
But in spite of the fact that the presence of several of these words is
explainable, it still remains that there are sixteen words which are used
only in these twelve verses in Mark. Nothing can be inferred about the
genuineness of this section of Mark from the presence of any one of these
words; rather, it is the large number of them which calls the style of the
passage into question. However, looking at the twelve verses of Mark
15:40-16:4, one finds not just sixteen such words, but twenty to twenty-two,
depending on textual variants. This shows that the author knew quite well how
to use in a brief passage many new words which he had not previously used.
The words used in Mark 15:40-16:4 but not used elsewhere are Salome
("Salome," twice, vv. 40, 1), sunanabaino ("come up with," v. 41), epei
("because, since," v. 42), paraskeue ("preparation," v. 42), prosabbaton
("the day before the sabbath," v. 42), Arimathaia ("Arimathea," v. 43),
euschemon ("honorable, respected, prominent," v. 43), prosdechomai ("wait
for, look for," v. 43), thnesko ("die, be dead," v. 44), palai ("any while,
some time," v. 44; some Greek manuscripts have a different reading—ede,
"already"—reflected in the RSV and NASV text, but both the Nestle and UBS
Greek texts have palai), doreomai ("give, grant," v. 45), eneileo ("wrap,
wind," v. 46), possibly katatithemi ("lay," v. 46; several Greek manuscripts
have the simple verb form tithemi—the 25th edition of the Nestle Greek text
has katatithemi while the 26th edition joins the UBS Greek text in reading
tithemi), latomeo ("hew," v. 46), petra ("rock," v. 46), proskulio ("roll,"
v. 46), diaginomai ("be past, be over," v. 1), aroma ("spices," v.1),
apokulio ("roll away," v. 3), anakulio ("roll away, roll back," v. 4), and
sphodra ("very, exceeding, extremely," v. 4).
Thirteen of these sixteen words found only here in Mark are used only once.
But this is not as unusual as might be thought. In the 661 undisputed verses
in Mark, there are 555 words that are used only once (WUOO) in this book;
however; the distribution of words used only once is not uniform in Mark. For
example, the first twelve verses of chapter 1 contain 16 words used only once
in Mark, and the first twelve verses of chapter 14 contain 20, even though
both of these chapters have ratios that are less than 1 such word per verse.
The distribution of words used only once in Mark across the chapters can be
seen in the following chart, which was compiled from the statistics for
infrequently used words found in Kubo's Reader's Lexicon.
Chapter Number of Number of Hapax Ratio
Words Used Only Once Verses Legomena WUOO/Verses
1 39 45 6 .86
2 16 28 3 .57
3 13 35 1 .37
4 42 41 2 1.02
5 25 43 4 .58
6 46 56 3 .82
7 41 36 * 6 1.14
8 23 38 2 .61
9 43 48 * 10 .90
10 40 52 5 .77
11 14 32 * 2 .44
12 46 44 5 1.05
13 40 37 3 1.08
14 70 72 5 .97
15 53 46 * 5 1.15
16:1-8 4 8 0 .50
Subtotals 555 661 62 .84
16:9-20 13 12 1 1.08
Totals 568 673 63 .84
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