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| 有害 (-) | 無害 (+) |
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| noxious (a) | innocent (a) |
| obnoxious (a) | innocuous (a) |
| pernicious (a) | naive (a) |
| noisome (a) | ingenuous (a) |
| baneful (a) | guileless (a) |
| detrimental (a) | artless (a) |
| deleterious (a) | |
| blight (v) | |
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這組字最重要的字根是 noc- = nic- = nox- (harm, damage)，請見單字底線標記。
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※ 有害 ※
noxious (a) 有害的
(MW) constituting a harmful influence on mind or behavior especially:
morally corrupting <noxious doctrines>
[源] nox- (noc-): hurt, damage
[例] Fumes from the exhaust of an automobile are noxious.
[解] 字面上是 "對人體有害的"：noxious (a) physically harmful or
destructive to living beings <noxious waste>，常用於形容廢煙、廢料
(如核廢料)，引申為 "對人的不良影響"。
obnoxious (a) 令人極度反感的
(MW) odiously (可憎地) or disgustingly objectionable (冒犯的):
highly offensive
[源] ob- (toward) + nox- (harm)
[例] He said some really obnoxious things about his ex-girlfriend at
the party.
pernicious (a) 有害的
(MW) highly injurious or destructive: DEADLY
[源] per- (completely) + nic- (harm)
[例] She thinks television has a pernicious influence on our children.
noisome (a) 有害的
(MW) NOXIOUS, HARMFUL
[源] noi- (annoy) + some (形尾)
baneful (a) 有害的
(MW) productive of destruction or woe: seriously harmful
<a baneful influence>
[衍] bane (n) a source of harm or ruin: CURSE <national frontiers have
been more of a bane than a boon for mankind> "禍根"
[例] The legislation could have a baneful effect on the poor.
detrimental (a) 有害的
(MW) obviously harmful: DAMAGING <the detrimental effects of pollution>
[衍] detriment (n) INJURY, DAMAGE <did hard work without detriment
to his health>
[記] 用 nutriment "營養" 去記反義字 detriment "傷害"。
deleterious (a) 有害的
(MW) harmful often in a subtle or unexpected way <deleterious effects>
<deleterious to health>
[記] 用 delete 去記，"有害的" 東西需要被刪除。
[解] 字形上不要和 delectable (a) "美味的" 搞混：delectable (a)
DELICIOUS <a delectable meal>
blight (v) 損害
(MW) to impair the quality or effect of <the condition that has
blighted his son's life>
[源] 最早指農業上 "作物疾病"，後引申為 "不良的影響"，從名詞轉成動詞用。
[衍] blighted (a)
[例] The extent of the blighted areas (災區) could be seen only when
viewed from the air.
[記] 太刺眼 (bright) 的光線會損害 (blight) 眼睛。
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※ 無害、天真 ※
無害的概念是 "單純"、"天真無邪"、"自然"，可用嬰兒去聯想。
innocent (a) 天真無邪的
(MW) lacking or reflecting a lack of sophistication, guile, or
self-consciousness: ARTLESS, INGENUOUS
[衍] innocence (n)
innocuous (a) 無害的
(MW) not likely to give offense or to arouse strong feelings or
hostility: INOFFENSIVE
[源] in- (not) + noc- (harm)，不造成傷害。
[例] His innocuous remarks in the political meeting aroused other
colleagues' agreement.
naive (a) 天真的
(MW) marked by unaffected (不做作的) simplicity: ARTLESS, INGENUOUS
[源] 法文字，注意發音。na- 來自nat- (= born)，剛出生的嬰兒是 "天真無邪的"。
[衍] naivete (n) the quality or state of being naive
[解] 作 "天真的" 解為正面意涵。另一個意思是 "幼稚的"、"容易上當的"：
naive (a) deficient (缺乏的) in worldly wisdom or informed judgment
especially: CREDULOUS，為負面意涵。
ingenuous (a) 天真的
(MW) showing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidness <her
ingenuous thirst for experience>
[源] in- (intensifier) + gen- (born) + -uous (形尾)，天真是與 "生" 俱來的。
[衍] disingenuous (a) lacking in candor also: giving a false appearance
of simple frankness: CALCULATING "不真誠的、算計的"。
[例] An ingenuous country girl works very hard to earn money in the
big city.
[解] 不要和 ingenious (a) marked by originality, resourcefulness, and
cleverness in conception or execution <an ingenious contraption>
"聰明的、精巧的" 搞混。可用 genius (n) "天才" 來記此字。
[記] 你 (U) 天真我 (I) 聰明。
特別注意 -less 作字尾時是 without "完全沒有" 的意思，不是 "較少"
(less 為單字的意思)，可把 -less 看做是 "not" 的轉折訊號。
guileless (a) 天真無邪的
(MW) INNOCENT, NAIVE
[衍] guile (n) deceitful cunning (心機): DUPLICITY "欺騙"
[例] He is a guileless man who often guides readers to improve
their effectiveness in speech and writing.
[解] guile (負面) + less (without) = guileless (正面)
artless (a) 單純的 (= guileless)
(MW) free from (沒有) guile or craft: sincerely simple <an artless
young woman>
[衍] art (n) skill acquired by experience, study, or observation
<the art of making friends>
[衍] 反義字：artful (a) adroit (熟練的) in attaining an end usually by
insinuating (暗示) or indirect means: WILY <an artful cross-examiner
(交叉盤問者)>，"心機重的"、"狡猾的"，常用於負面意涵。
[例] His simple artless charm won us over instantly.
[解] 藝術 (art) 需要 "技巧"，引申為 "手腕"，artless 同義字是 unskillful，
不加矯飾。art (負面) + less (without) = artless (正面)。
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