四選三作答 75%
一 (1)Plato與Kant對真理真相的看法有何異同?
(2)請以歷史觀點闡述其間差異所具有的意涵
二 (1)Plotinus,Augustine,Hume 三人對於existence of God的論證各為何?
(2)請批判其說的有效性及見解的高低
三 (1)Aristotle,Rousseau與Nietzsche三人的道德觀各為何?
(2)請以{文明}的觀點批判其說的優劣高下
四 (1)從Hegel到Schopenhauer至Whitehead表現出{真理觀}如何的轉變?
(2)請說明他們的見解是否較Kant更能澄清人事道理與宇宙真相
五 請將下文中譯，說明該文作者與著作名稱，然後加以補充和申論
1.Learning is no other than recollection.In all cases the recollection can be
occasioned by things that are similar, but it can also be occasioned by
things that are dissimilar. The equal things and the Equal itself are not
the same. It is from the equal things , though they are different from
equality,that you have derived and grasped the knowledge of equality . We
must possess knowledge of equality before that time when we first saw the
equal objects and realized that all these objects strive to be like the Equal
but are deficient in this. (Plato Phaedo)
2.Sensible things retain within themselves some sort of trace of a likeness to
God. For effects bear within themselves the likeness of their causes;yet an
effect does not always reach to the full likeness of its cause.The human
reason is related to the knowledge of the truth of faith in such a way that
it can gather certain likeness of it,which are yet not sufficient so that
the truth of faith may be comprehended as being understood demostratively
or throuth itself. Yet it is useful for the human reason to exercise itself
in such arguments , however weak they may be (Aquinas The ways of knowing
Divine Truths)
3.The dispute between the Sceptics and Dogmatists is entirely verbal , or at
least regards only the degrees of doubt and assurance.No Dogmatists denies
that there are difficulites both with regard to the senses and to all
science;and that these difficulties are in a regular ,logical method,
absolutely insolvable. No Sceptic denies that we lie under an absolute
necessity , notwithstanding these difficulties, of thinking , and believing,
and reasoning with regard to all kind of subjects, and even of frequently
assenting with confidence and security. The Sceptics,from habit,caprice
,or inclination,insists most on the difficulties, the Dogmatist,for like
reasons,on the necessity.(Descartes,Discourse on Method)
4.If my perception of an object has to conform to the object, I do not see
how there could be any abstract knowledge of it;but if the objects of my
perceptions conform to the laws by which I know them,it is easy to conceive
of abstract knowledge,for all experience is a kind of knowledge involving
the mind,the laws of which Imust suppose were a part of me before I ever saw
anything.Those laes get expressed in abstract terms but all my experience
must agree with them(Kant Critique of pure reason)
六 自問自答(視情形給分)
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