＊板主代為張貼雅思閱讀解析(2/10)
IELTS-Reading
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IELTS-Reading
Hydrogen Cars
A
Record gas prices are making road trips more expensive than ever.
But what if, instead of gas, your car ran on the most abundant element in
our universe? Many experts think hydrogen will replace petrol, diesel and
natural gas as the main fuel for cars, buses and trucks over the next few
decades. Already car manufacturers around the world have invested
billions of dollars in research and development.
B
The advantages of hydrogen are enormous: no more smog-forming
exhaust gases, no more carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to global
warming, no more worries about diminishing oil supplies and rising prices.
But some tricky questions need to be answered before mass- produced
hydrogen cars start appearing on the streets. Where will the hydrogen
come from? How will motorists fill up? How will cars store the fuel?
And there's also the question of how best to tap the energy in the fuel for
good, on-road performance.
C
Two kinds of engines can use hydrogen as a fuel; those that have an internal c
ombustion engine converted to use it and those that are made up of a stack
of fuel cells. Internal combustion engines have powered cars since they
first began to replace horse-drawn carriages more than 100 years ago.
These engines can be converted to run on a variety of fuels, including
hydrogen. However, most car makers think that fuel cells powering an
electric motor offer a better alternative. Unlike heavy batteries that need
frequent recharging, fuel cells make electricity as they go.
Recent developments in technology too have substantially increased the
amount of power that a stack of cells can provide. This has opened up the
prospect of efficient, non-polluting electric cars.
D
Fuel cell technology sounds simple. The hydrogen fuel reacts with
oxygen from the air to produce water and electricity, the reverse of the
familiar electrolysis process that releases oxygen and hydrogen from water.
In reality of course it's a bit more complicated. The big advantage of a
fuel cell engine over an internal combustion engine running on hydrogen is
its greater efficiency. The same amount of hydrogen will take a fuel cell
car at least twice as far as one with a converted internal combustion engine.
E
Hydrogen has numerous advantages as a fuel for vehicles, but a big
disadvantage is that it is difficult to store. This is because at normal
temperatures hydrogen is a gas. The obvious solutions are to strongly
compress the hydrogen, or liquefy it. However, tanks designed to hold
hydrogen at extremely high pressures, or at temperatures approaching
absolute zero, are heavy and expensive. So, high cost and the large
amount of energy needed to liquefy the fuel are likely to be the major
problems with refuelling with liquid hydrogen. Filling up with compressed hyd
rogen gas will probably prove more practical, even though it may
reduce the distance between fills. Cars could store the hydrogen in high
pressure tanks similar to those used for compressed natural gas or specially
treated carbon may also hold large amounts.
F
Although there's no risk that we'll ever run out of hydrogen, on Earth it
exists naturally only in chemical compounds, not as hydrogen gas.
A relatively simple principal technology, steam reforming, can produce
hydrogen gas for cars at central plants or filling stations. Alternatively
fuel tanks could be filled with petrol or methanol, with the cars using
on-board reformers to generate hydrogen for their fuel cells. This shows
promise as a transitional measure while research proceeds on the problems
of storing hydrogen. Water is the only potentially pollution- free source
of hydrogen. Researchers are looking at new ways of producing hydrogen
from water such as using algae, bacteria or photovoltaic cells to absorb
sunlight and split water into hydrogen and oxygen. But the technology
most likely to be adopted on a large scale is electrolysis, which uses an
electric current to split water into oxygen and hydrogen.
G
'Remember the Hindenburg' - that's a phrase often heard when hydrogen
is discussed. This German passenger airship, kept aloft by hydrogen,
crashed in flames as it came in to land at Lakehurst, New Jersey, USA in
May 1937. Thirty-five people died. Nowadays helium, which can't
burn, is the gas of choice for lighter-than-air craft. Hydrogen is highly
flammable, but recent research has indicated that the airship's fabric,
not hydrogen, was the culprit in the Hindenburg disaster.
Properly handled, there's no reason to think hydrogen is any more
dangerous as a fuel than petrol, the explosive liquid now carried safely in
the tanks of untold millions of motor vehicles.
H
Recent technological advances, particularly in fuel cell design, have made hyd
rogen-powered cars a practical proposition, and car makers expect to
start mass-producing them within the next decade or so. Their power and accel
eration should match those of today's conventionally- powered
vehicles, but they may have to be refuelled more often. The best ways to
produce, distribute and store the hydrogen still have to be sorted out.
In the short term fossil fuels may remain in demand as a hydrogen source. Neve
rtheless, the idea that in the not too distant future most of us will be
driving non-polluting cars fuelled by hydrogen from a clean, renewable
source is no longer a flight of fantasy.
Reading Passage 1 has 8 paragraphs (A - H).
From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for
paragraphs B - H.
Write the appropriate number (i - xi) in boxes 1 - 7 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.
Example Answer
Paragraph A iv
List of Heading
i Hydrogen Storage
ii Traditional Production Methods
iii The Possible Danger of Combustible Hydrogen
iv A Plentiful Alternative
v Looking Forward
vi Good Idea but…
vii Today's Hydrogen Production
viii How the Process Works
ix Hydrogen Sources and Production
x The Workings of the Internal Combustion Engine
xi The Engine Dilemma
1 Paragraph B ____________________
2 Paragraph C ____________________
3 Paragraph D ____________________
4 Paragraph E ____________________
5 Paragraph F ____________________
6 Paragraph G ____________________
7 Paragraph H ____________________
Answers:
本測驗題型 1-7 主要為判斷選擇正確之段落標題(Heading Matching) .
一般而言, 測考之篇章皆由數段落所組織而成, 而每一段文章由主要
論點 (main idea) 與輔助解釋說明及例證之次要之支持論點
(supporting idea) 組成。 首先根據選項(answer choices) 進行分析,
找到其關鍵詞彙在原文中之位置, 因既然為標題 (heading) 應在段首
或段尾處 ; 此外, 觀察段落之出現頻率高之詞彙亦指本文之主體論述。
1. 作答時首先進行段落首句判讀, 再與段落之尾句進行分析.
首句 --- The advantages of hydrogen are enormous: no more
smog-forming exhaust gases, no more carbon dioxide emissions that
contribute to global warming, no more worries about diminishing oil
supplies and rising prices.
尾句 --- And there's also the question of how best to tap the energy in
the fuel for good, on-road performance.
Hydrogen 確有其優勢點; 然而亦伴隨著某些問題
答案 : vi Good Idea but…
2. 首句--- Two kinds of engines can use hydrogen as a fuel; those that
have an internal combustion engine converted to use it and those that are
made up of a stack of fuel cells.
尾句 --- This has opened up the prospect of efficient, non-polluting
electric cars.
句首有兩種引擎使用氫氣當燃料, 然而句中出現 However ….. ,
unlike ……
皆表達出負面之論述, 故而結論開啟探索有效能與不帶來污染之電動車.
答案選擇 xi The Engine Dilemma (困境)
3. Fuel cell technology sounds simple. The hydrogen fuel reacts with
oxygen from the air to produce water and electricity, the reverse of the
familiar electrolysis process that releases oxygen and hydrogen from water.
The same amount of hydrogen will take a fuel cell car at least twice as far
as one with a converted internal combustion engine.
本段敘述氫氣燃料之生產過程--- 透過空氣中氫氧產生水與電.
答案 viii How the Process Works
4. 首句: Hydrogen has numerous advantages as a fuel for vehicles, but a big di
sadvantage is that it is difficult to store.
However, tanks designed to hold hydrogen at extremely high pressures, or at te
mperatures approaching absolute zero, are heavy and expensive.
Cars could store the hydrogen in high pressure tanks similar to those used for
compressed natural gas or specially treated carbon may also hold large amounts.
本段提及hydrogen 有其利基之處 ; 不過卻因其為氣體特性, 難以儲存.
正確答案為 i Hydrogen Storage
5. 首句--- Although there's no risk that we'll ever run out of hydrogen,
on Earth it exists naturally only in chemical compounds, not as hydrogen gas.
尾句 --- But the technology most likely to be adopted on a large scale
is electrolysis, which uses an electric current to split water into oxygen and
hydrogen.
雖然我們將不致於將氫氧耗盡, 但是因自然界中它乃以化學
化合物存在, 並非氫氣.尾句呈現逆轉透過科技得以將水電解
(electrolysis) 變成氫與氧. 解決資源問題. 答案為 ix Hydrogen
Sources and Production
6. This German passenger airship, kept aloft by hydrogen, crashed in flames
as it came in to land at Lakehurst, New Jersey, USA in May 1937.
Thirty-five people died.
Hydrogen is highly flammable, but recent research has indicated that the
airship's fabric, not hydrogen, was the culprit in the Hindenburg disaster.
Properly handled, there's no reason to think hydrogen is any more
dangerous as a fuel than petrol, the explosive liquid now carried safely in
the tanks of untold millions of motor vehicles.
本段以過去之氫氧所導致之意外說明hydrogen 之高度可燃
(flammable) 危險性.
不過現今科技可安全使用於汽車之燃料.
答案為 iii The Possible Danger of Combustible Hydrogen
7. 段首--- Recent technological advances, particularly in fuel cell design,
have made hydrogen-powered cars a practical proposition, and car makers
expect to start mass-producing them within the next decade or so.
段尾--- Nevertheless, the idea that in the not too distant future most of us
will be driving non-polluting cars fuelled by hydrogen from a clean,
renewable source is no longer a flight of fantasy.
段首論述： 科技之進化, 尤其是燃料電池設計得以使其氫氧動力
車問世. 段尾提及不久未來可將製造出乾淨無污染之汽車之想法不
再只是幻想.
答案為 v Looking Forward
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