2.(題目略)
Cryopreservation of sperm
http://www.repromed.com.au/CRYOPRESERVATION.html
大部分都是醫療診所...
Freeze-drying
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/LYO/index.html
簡言之所謂凍乾大概就是
先冷凍 然後再抽真空
把固態的水直接變成氣體昇華
Freeze-substitution
http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/~izmb/atlas/htm/t19.htm
在結凍的狀態下
以有機溶液置換固態水
Freezr fracture 跟 Freeze etching 我是看課本的
第14章
CryoSEM
http://www.gatan.com/faq/cryo_alto.html
http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/sems/echlin.230.PDF
低溫掃描式電子顯微鏡
可以用來觀察hydrated sample
有點像environmentalsem之類
--method
1. The sample is mounted on to the appropriate sample holder and then plunge
frozen, usually into liquid nitrogen.
2. The sample holder is then withdrawn, under vacuum, into a vacuum transfer
device for transfer to the cryo-preparation chamber.
3. After transfer to the (separately pumped) cryo-prep chamber the sample is
maintained at a low temperature and low contamination conditions.
4. The sample may be fractured and/or freeze etched (by controlling tempera-
ture raise until sublimation can occur) to expose internal structure.
5. Finally a thin conductive coating is usually applied to allow high resolu-
tion imaging or microanalysis in the SEM.. Transfer to the SEM chamber is
via an interlocked airlock and onto a cold stage module fitted to the SEM
stage.
--application
To study the microstructure of hydrated samples.
All of the biological sciences, especially botany, mycology, agricultural
sciences, biotechnology and bio-medical. Related to the above are applications
in the pharmaceutical, healthcare and cosmetics industries, also R&D and QA of
products e.g. drug delivery, cream preparations, dressings. Applications in
food technology including emulsions, suspensions, multi-phase products e.g. ice
cream, dairy products, texture, keeping properties and spoiling organisms.Other
industries using cryo-SEM include oil, chemical, paper and other forest
products, textiles, paint, printing and cement.
--limitation
Low vacuum or low energy electron beam may sacrifice resolution. Beam
damage, with mass loss being the principle concern. Electron irradiated ice
is a rich source of free radicals.
--
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