喔 補充一下政治學

[icedangel (高音鍵天使)]

我把老師公布在網站上　他以前做過的ppt都下載

合成一個文字檔　需要的就自己複製來看吧！

1.What is Politics? Different definitions
     Politics is the exercise of power
     Politics is the public allocation of things that are valued.
     Politics is the resolution of conflicts
     Politics is the competition among individuals and groups pursuing their
  own interests
     Politics is the determination of who gets what , when, and how.

2.Danziger's definition
     Politics is the process through which power and influences are used in
  the promotion of certain values and interests
     Levels of analysis: individual, group, society, government
     Public vs. private
     State vs. society

3.From Politics to Political Science
     Political science is a set of techniques, concepts, and approaches whose
  bjective is to increase the clarity and accuracy of our understanding about
  the political world.

4.Political Science as a tool for analysis
     Description 描述
     Explanation 解釋
             …explain what it is
     Prescription and prediction  預測
     normative prediction
     empirical prediction
     value judgment

5.Sources of Political Knowledge
     Authority
     Specific authority: parents, teacher, friend, or famous person
     General authority sources: constitutions, political leaders, media or
books, religious teachings
     "Everyone" as authority: political beliefs held by many other people

6.Sources of Political Knowledge
     Personal thought
     Rationality
     Intuition
     Personal experiences

7.Sources of Political Knowledge
     Scientific analysis
     Search for regularities
     Empirical
     Cumulative
     Testable
     Generalization


8.Political Science: Fields of Studies
     As introduced by Chinese Association of Political Science, Taipei.

9.Is Political Science a "Science"?
     Different from natural sciences
     central concepts?
     theories?
     rules of interpretation?
      questions are worth solving

10.Is Political Science a "Science"?
     Subject matter
     human world vs. natural world
     changing condition
     controllable ?

11.Is Political Science a "Science"?
     Political "Scientists" cannot be objective
     How to solve normative issues?
        It cannot provide answers to fundamental normative questions about
        goals and appropriate means
     How to ask "crucial" questions?
        Scientific methods discourage attempts to address essential questions
        about political values and political good.

12.Political Science as a discipline (1)
      Pre-WW II: history, philosophy , laws
      Chicago school and post-war boom
      1950s-60s: Behavioralists revolution
      Political system and structural-functional analysis
      Modernization and development studies

13.Rational Choice
      One could generally predict political behavior by knowing the interests
   and calculations of actors involved.

      Regardless of culture and institutions, all you need to know was what
   their career advantages were and you could predict how they would decide
   things.

14.Neo/new Institutionalism
      Government structures take on lives of their own and powerfully shape the
   behavior and attitudes of the people who live under and work in them.
      Institution is not just the reflection of social forces.
      Bring the history back in
      Path-dependent

15.我國學者蒲薛鳳的觀點：
  　　政治五因素:現象、制度、觀念、人物、勢力
      五種政治因素的互動   例如：憲政發展，大陸政策，經濟奇蹟

16.Structural-Functional Definition of the State
      The organized institutional machinery for making and carrying out
   political decisions and for enforcing the laws and rules of the government.
   Weber, Skocpol, and others
      The state has the right to use violence and enforce the laws
      The essential functions of the state are to maintain order
      The state is an autonomous actor
      The state has to protect national interests.

17.G. A. Almond and Structural Functionalism
      See Table

18.David Easton: The Political System
      Political system is a system of behavior, and it is defined by its
   distinctive activities, the authoritative allocation of values for a society.

19.Concepts of the Political System
      Values tend to be scarce resources
      To govern is to make choices
      Authority is related to "legitimacy".
      Boundaries of the political system

20.The Sources of "Legitimacy"
      Law
      Tradition
      Charisma
      Social Contract
      Socialization.
      Individual Utility
      Fear of Sanction

21.Structural -Functionalism  From Parsons to  G. A. Almond

   　Input function：Political socialization and recruitment

       　　　      　Interest articulation

                     Interest aggregation

                     Political communication

     Output function:Rule-making

                     Rule-application

                     Rule-adjudication

  A.System Functions:
     Political Socialization, Political Recruitment, Political Communication

  B.Process Functions:
     Interest articulation, Interest Aggregation, Policy making, Policy
   implementation and adjudication

  C.Policy Functions:
     Extractions, distributions, regulations, symbols.

（以下幾點的圖在P.119）

22.Environment
     Environment: intrasocietal and extrasocietal
     The environment provides opportunities and obstacles , resources and
   constraints, that are relevant to the functioning of the political system

23.Demands and Supports
     Demands: Wants or desires for particular value allocations. Demands might
   come from individual, groups, or system either within or outside the society.
     Supports: actions by individuals or groups that indicate either favorable
   or unfavorable orientations toward the political system.

24.Conversion
     The process by which political actors assesses demands and supports within
   the context of the relevant environmental forces and then determine what
   values willl be allocated to whom.
     The "Black Box".

25.Understanding the Black Box
     The state centered approach
     The rational choice approach
     The incremental approach
     The bureaucratic politics approach
     The organizational process approach

26.Output, Feedback, and System Persistence (1)
     The environment must be prevented from constraining or overwhelming the
   political system and must be exploited for the resources and opportunities
   that they present
     Political actors must be sensitive and accurate in their perceptions of
 the effects of all other components in the system.

27.Output, Feedback, and System Persistence (2)
     Demands must be managed so that they are not irreconcilable and so they do
   not overload the resources available.
     Positive supports must be nurtured and negative supports discouraged or
   suppressed through some mix of value allocation that maintain the loyalty or
   acquience (這個字是錯的，我猜是acquiescence) of the citizen.

28.Role of Legislatures: Enactment of legislation
    Most legislatures DO NOT have the dominant role in the policy-making
   function.
    The power to enact laws that raise revenue and to authorize its expenditure
   on pulic policies has been a central responsibility of the legislature.

29.Role of Legislatures: Representation of the citizenry
    To represent the group that is most dominant in the legislator's
   constituency, possibly a social class, religious groups, or ethnic group.
    To represent the political party
    To represent the country as a whole
    To represent the legislator's own conscience.

30.Role of legislatures: oversight of the executive
    To select the executive.
    Approve the chief executive's selection of key appointments.
    Debating and discussion
    Investigatory powers
    Independent agencies
    Overturn, censure, no-confidence, impeachment.

31.Functions of the Legislature
    Representation
    Law making
    Consensus Building
    Overseeing Bureaucracy
    Policy clarification & Publicizing
    Confirming appointment
    Investigation

呼...終於改完了 真累....

大家政治學期中考加油啊！

--
心痛時　理智出走
赤紅了雙眸　腥澀竄入喉中
唇角浮出一朵似火的
　哀愁
回身　徒留一地
　　　　　　　血紅

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◆ From: 140.119.41.116
※ 編輯: icedangel       來自: 140.119.41.116       (11/11 15:22)
※ 編輯: icedangel       來自: 140.119.41.116       (11/11 15:23)
推 timcho:thanks
推 jennimin:辛苦了
推 jennimin:來得及嗎?????
→ jennimin:啊...推錯地方了............><