※ [本文轉錄自 beckychang 信箱]
作者: beckychang.bbs@bbs.ntnu.edu.tw ("阿綿")
標題: [新聞] 日本人轉換了蠻荒險惡的福爾摩沙島
時間: Mon Oct 8 16:57:56 2007
作者: beckychang (阿綿) 站內: GITH96
標題: [新聞] 日本人轉換了蠻荒險惡的福爾摩沙島
時間: 2007/10/08 Mon 16:42:49
SAVAGE ISLAND OF FORMOSA TRANSFORMED BY JAPANESE
1904/9/25 紐約時報
日本人轉換了蠻荒險惡的福爾摩沙島 ■陳新輝譯
中文譯文
http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/hoon-ting/article?mid=3262&prev=3263&next=-1
日本人轉換了蠻荒險惡的福爾摩沙島 ■陳新輝譯 Menlo Park, CA, USA
— 別的民族無法克服的險惡被一個民族在短短的數年轉換了令人贊嘆的神奇
— 其它殖民國家學習的教訓
倫敦、九月二十四（１９０４）－時代雜誌今天發表一個負責日本轉換福爾摩沙島事務的
特派員所寫的一篇文章: 一件成功的藝術品需要的三個必要條件：天份、貼切的運用、和
經驗。
殖民的藝術是沒有特例的。因此，德國人在殖民嘗試中曾經失敗過，更遑論貼切的運用，
不管是缺乏天份或經驗；但是，最有可能的事實乃是，第一次藝術創作的嘗試通常是失敗
的，曾經是德國不能成功的原因。
基於這個道理，日本人第一次殖民嘗試是特別另人感到有與趣的。更特別的，日本第一個
殖民地，福爾摩沙島，如此的被稱呼(第一個殖民地)，給了過去許多嘗試殖民的國家是無
法克股的困難。
福爾摩沙島曾經是過去來自中國和許多國家的犯罪者常來躲藏的好地方，因為其環境無比
的險峻和無法紀的居民，而從未讓過去幾次侵略者殖民過。
西班牙人和荷蘭人曾經嘗試殖民福爾摩沙，但是都失望的放棄。中國人實質是讓這個土地
停留在荒野狀態中，而法國人和英國人可能輕而易及的拿到她，但是選擇了不去涉足停留
在這險峻的島嶼。
馴化荒野的本性
因此，當日本人在中曰戰爭結束後要求福爾摩沙時，中國情願的，如果不是高興地，割讓
她，而李鴻章(清國中堂宰相) 諷刺的謂，日本將會發現這個島嶼是一個非常壞的交易。
當日本進入福爾摩沙時，她發現海岸線是在海盜的淫威控制。內陸則部分被險惡的原住民
所控制管理，另一部分則是被有組織的罪犯土匪所控制，他們搶劫遇海難的而靠往此島的
船隻，殺害船員。當中國擁有福爾摩沙時，許多與美國和其它國家的糾紛常常是因為這些
對外國船隻與船員的謀殺。中國可能是非常高興地去除這化外之地。
征服這個島花費了一年，而在1896年3月31日，這個島被置放在文明的管轄中。但是曾經
在島上執行任務的前中國官員和官方和那些害怕位置被剝奪的人，與那些福爾摩沙無法無
天的份子聯手，挑撥他們起來反抗新統治者，而且這個地方一直都處在不安與動亂的狀況
中，如此持續到1902年，當時軍隊的掃蕩行動終於清除了島上的作亂份子。
法律執行的寬容
雖然這個地方到目前為止在日本統治下享受了幾年的完全和平，在表面呈現上和過去險惡
的居民的靈魂則完全改變了，而當地的居民開始了日本人統治福賜而稱讚。
日本賴以完成這非凡的成功的政策包括了，盡可能地，尊重居民的偏見，而寧可選擇了溫
和的指導而非威愒強制地帶領居民走向文明之路。
舉例而言，日本人保留了古代的 ”和平公司”(Peace Corp.)，其為中國人所建立而在於
保護居民免於武裝土匪的劫掠，火災和水患，和其它自然的災害。另外同時介紹了教化的
法律條文。不過，當這些主要施用於居住在島上的日本人的律法，被更改使其能夠被缺乏
文明而無法立刻認知理解文明所必需具備的條件的原來的住民所尊敬。
治療鴉片惡習
甚至吸食鴉片的惡習至目前仍然被尊重，而原住民是不會吸食而受罰，雖然吸食和販賣鴉
片，對於居住在日本和島上的日本人是會依情節而被判處牢役的刑責。但是為了逐漸消除
鴉片吸食量，而在同樣的原則下，對於患有慣性吸食患者，能夠斷其癮癖，日本政府讓販
賣鴉片成為專賣，而同時法律上允許卻不鼓勵吸食鴉片。
只有被確認的吸食者才能夠獲得鴉片，而且只能在非常嚴格的監視下獲取。政府在控制鴉
片的供給在，小量方式下供給有執照的經銷代理，另外警察人員則在高度的監視鴉片吸食
者沒有擴大的情況。
在這同時道德的壓力也開始呈現。所有醫生不斷地對成年者指出鴉片吸食的邪惡，學校老
師必需對學生警告吸食鴉片的習慣對身體和道德的殘害。
島上的居民大約有3,000,000人，在1900時有169,064鴉片吸食者。而在1902，3月底，有
152,044人註冊而具有吸食執照，而在減少的17,020 當中，有的是因為死亡或斷絕吸食的
習慣，不可懷疑的，這個數字會在這明智的政策下快速地消減中。
在1900時鴉片的進口值是3,392,602日圓，而在1903時則減至1,121,455日圓。從收入的觀
點上看，這個在福爾摩沙島上限制鴉片的政策無疑的是不受歡迎的，因為它一方面對國家
是收入上的損失，另一方面在對吸食監管上增加了支出。
當日本政府不可能干涉原住民的宗教與風俗而去傷害他們的感受，從各方面的絛件上的改
善，而在實証上給了他們可感受到的日本統治的好處。首先，對於守法的收費者，不再受
到土匪強盜集團暴力威愒與壟斷，而在公正的政府管理下享受了自由。另外對於身体的福
利也所獲甚多。
這個地方曾經為流行性的疾病所苦，其主要原因乃是當地居民從停滯的水池和污染的河川
中，攝取惡劣的水質所致。因此日本人規劃了淨水的供應。
在福爾摩沙總共的壓力水井數字不詳，不過只在台北地區，在當時全人口的十分之一的地
方，卻開了800口井。
開始了優良的學校系統
教肓乃一切進步的起點，日本巳經引進非常好的教育系統到福爾摩沙。為日本人設立的學
校共有60位老師和2000位學生，給當地的人則有130所小學和521老師，教育18,149位孩童
，因此將他們轉化為受教化的人。
不過，日本仍不滿意只提供基礎教育系統，因為她的野心乃是將她最好的都給福爾摩沙。
其結果是，日本己為當地的人建立了一所醫學院，一所語言學校和一所老師訓練學校。
在福爾摩沙的醫學院有偉大的聲名，因為那是遠東惟一提供一般現代化科學課程和實習醫
學給原來說中國語言的學生。它座落在台北，在此時大約有150位學生在接受非常稱職的
日本教授的指導在學習醫學。
日語學校有兩個目標。它的目的是要傳佈日語給當地人，同時提供日本人學習當地語言的
机會，也讓他們準備做為老師和內地的翻譯。
個人的幸福不但是在於他免於暴力的人身安全，，和個人的健康，更是自身的繁榮。結果
是，日本已達成讓她的新殖民地增加繁榮的目標。
興建鐵道網路
當日本接管福爾摩沙時，那裡沒有路的存在，但說來奇怪，卻有一條短短的但幾乎沒有用
的鐵路，不但是建造的很差而且管理相當拙劣。鐵路的票價與貨物的運費幾乎是每天在變
，而且火車只是在所謂的”方便時”行駛。
在了解了福爾摩沙的基本需求後，日本開時有計畫的在福爾摩沙的每一個地方造路。在這
同時，日本政府在地圖上全盤地規畫了鐵路，其中預計花費28,800,000日圓，或者幾乎是
英磅￡ 3,000,000，在當時的日本幾乎是非常耀眼的數字。
那一段日本人發現已存在的鐵路已完全地重建，而且新竹到高雄的新線也以最大的能量同
時從兩端展開。在1897至1903之間，95英哩的鐵路巳鋪設完成，同時也興建了37個火車站
，而且引進了210貨車和乘客車廂和20個火車引擎。
在這一段期間，運載乘客的數量成長四倍而貨運量則以10倍數增加。另外，在數月間輕軌
鐵路也建造了125英哩。還有52英哩輕軌鐵路也正在建造中。
郵政，電報，和電話也陸續成功地引進。在1896至1902期間，87個郵局在全島開放營業，
其中在1902年，共處理了13,285,105封信件及明信片，114,779件包裹，和發送了336,207
個匯款單。電報線從1896年的900英哩成長到1902年的2600英哩，而電話線在1902時也舖
設了1350英哩，在其間發送了3,690,228件信息。
在日本到達時，福爾摩沙本地原有的產業是以不合時宜的方式在運作。不知道要以成果為
依據的科學運作或完全地運作；當地人主要依賴從自然環境所賜的報酬而沒有加值的能力
，雖然福爾摩沙的農民一年能有一獲，兩獲，甚至三獲，其收成與其耕種的土地是不相稱
的，而其收入也完全不夠的。
從日本巳經引進的改良方法，稻米的生產在1896年至1902年之間，增加了百分之十。茶葉
的產量則在同一時期成長了五倍。而其它的農產品，諸如糖，蕃薯，甘蔗，苧麻，黃麻，
turmeric 等，都呈現了大量的增加。
巨大的森林也沒有充分的利用，當地人的浪費，好比說在從樟樹中製造樟腦的過程中，樟
腦油被當作廢物。在日本人引進改良的成果，樟腦的產量巳經從1897年1,534,596斤到
1903年的3,588,814斤，而樟腦油的產量也從1897年的638,603斤到1903年的2,670,561斤
。
礦業也是在最膚淺而不經濟的方式下進行，因此在極大的勞力中獲取微小的成果。
在耐心的教導和溫和的堅持下，日本成功的在所有產業中引進了改良的方法。農田有更好
的收成，森林也被科學式的開發，數百万樟樹也種植在適當的地方，而礦業也在前幾年有
巨大的進步。
銀行和貨幣制度
在福爾摩沙的貿易和工業的改進過程中，對改良銀行體系和貨幣系統的需求，必然地是非
常明顯的。其結果乃在島上設立了做為中央銀行體系的福爾摩沙銀行，而私人銀行也開設
汻多重要的辦公中心。
郵政儲金銀行也開設也已經有非常令人滿意的成功。存戶的數目從1896的5,847到1902的
41,145，而存額則從1896的228,487日圓到1902的763,575日圓。
福爾摩沙的貨幣也必需轉型。福爾摩沙曾經是像中國一樣靠的是金銀塊做為交易的工具，
而非貨幣，而曾經做為商業交易而体積較大的銅的硬貨鋳造也幾乎是不可能。這种舊式的
金融體系也已經被現代化的日本系統所取代。
日本已經像倒水般的把錢倒入福爾摩沙。她也巳經建立了製棕糖，玻璃，紙等的工廠；她
也已經送出了許多最有能力的管理者，而無庸致疑地，必然將從這賢明的政策中獲得她應
有的報酬。
從這島上的暴動撫平也不過是短短數年。然而，經濟上正常運作已是非常令人震憾。居民
生活上繁榮的成長也許可以從一般收入的增加看出來，而那是原則上從政府的工作和努力
中得來的，鴉片的專賣，關稅，和各種稅收已從1986 年的2,711,822日圓到1903年的
12,738,587，幾乎是十倍的成長。
正常的地方收入，其主要來自土地，房屋稅，實業等，也已從1898 年的747,850日圓到
1903年的1,952,220日圓，幾乎是在四年間翻了三倍。為了得到豊碩的結果，在徵收一般
和地方稅中，並沒有施與不當的麻煩。
很自然的福爾摩沙的人口數也隨著其資源的開發，同步調地快速的在成長。在1897年其人
口總數2,455,357，但在1903年已增至3,082,404。
雲程備註：感謝鄭兒玉牧師轉寄上譯文與原文。
=========================英文要很好分隔線=========================
原文
http://insectlin.wordpress.com/2007/09/27/japan_colony/#more-249
SAVAGE ISLAND OF FORMOSA TRANSFORMED BY JAPANESE
– Wonders Worked in a Few Years With a People That Others Had Failed to
Subdue
— A Lesson for Other Colonizing Nations.
LONDON, Sep. 24. - The Times today publishes the following article from a
correspondent, dealing with Japan’s transformation of Formosa: To achieve
success in any art three things are necessary - native talent, close
application, and experience.
The art of colonizing is no exception to the rule. Hence the Germans have
failed in their attempts at colonization, notwithstanding their close
application, either from want of native talent or from the lack of
experience; but most probably the fact that the first attempt in any art is
usually a failure has been the cause of Germany’s non-success.
For this reason Japan’s first attempt at colonizing is particularly
interesting, especially as the Island of Formosa, which is Japan’s first
colony, probably so-called offers difficulties to a colonizing nation which
in the past have appeared insurmountable to many other nations.
The Island of Formosa has ever been a favorite haunt of outlaws from China
and from various other countries, and the savageness and unruliness of the
population were so great that those parts of the country which were conquered
several times were never colonized.
The Spanish and the Dutch made attempts at colonizing Formosa, but they gave
it up in despair. The Chinese left the land virtually a wilderness, and the
French and English, who might easily enough have acquired it, preferred not
to put their foot into the interior of that savage island.
Taming the Wild Natives.
Therefore, when Japan demanded Formosa after the conclusion of the
Chinese-Japanese war of 1894-1895, China was willing, if not glad, to cede to
it, and Li Hung-Chang remarked sarcastically that Japan would find the island
an exceedingly bad bargain.
When Japan entered Formosa she found the coast at the mercy of pirates. The
interior was ruled partly by the savage aborigines, partly by organized bands
of outlaws and robbers, who plundered ships wrecked on the coast and murdered
the crews who approached the island. While Formosa was in the possession of
China, trouble with the United States and other countries was frequently
caused by these murderous attacks on the crews of foreign ships. China was
probably glad to get rid of the unruly island.
The conquest of the island took a year, and on the 31st of March, 1896, it
was placed under civil administration. But the former Chinese officers and
officials who used to be on duty in the island, and who feared to be deprived
of their positions, joined hands with the unruly elements of Formosa,
instigated them to revolt against their new rulers, and the country was
constantly in a state of restlessness and turmoil up to the end of 1901, when
a sweeping movement of the troops rid the island at last of its revolutionary
elements.
Leniency in Enforcing Laws.
Though the country has hitherto enjoyed only a few years of complete peace
under Japanese rule, the appearance of the country and the spirit of its
formerly savage inhabitants have already completely changed, and the natives
begin to understand the blessings of Japanese rule and to praise it.
The policy by which Japan has achieved this remarkable success has been the
following: Japan has, so far as possible, respected the prejudices of the
inhabitants, and has tried rather to gently guide than to coerce them on the
path of civilization.
For instance, the ancient “Peace Corps,” which was established by the
Chinese and which protected the inhabitants against the raids of armed
banditti, and against fire, floods, and other natural calamities, was
maintained, but at the same time the enlightened laws of Japan were
introduced. However, while these laws are in the main applied with their full
force to the Japanese residing in the island, they are modified in the case
of the aboriginal inhabitants whose lack of civilization makes them unable to
appreciate at once civilized conditions and the necessity to respect those
laws whereby civilization is upheld.
Curing the Opium Habit.
Even the opium habit has in so far been respected that the natives are not
punished for consuming opium, though opium smoking and dealing in opium is a
crime for which Japanese citizens in Japan and in Formosa as well are
punished with penal servitude of varying degrees. But in order to gradually
diminish the amount of opium consumed, on the same principle on which a
drunkard may gradually be weaned from his drink, the Japanese Government has
made the opium trade a monopoly, which it judiciously uses for at the same
time permitting and discouraging opium smoking.
Only confirmed smokers are able to obtain opium, and they can secure the drug
only under the strictest serveillance. The Government controlling the supply
of opium doles it out through licensed agents to licensed smokers, and the
police watch with the greatest vigilance that the circle of opium smokers
does not enlarged.
At the same time moral pressure is brought to bear. All doctors have
constantly to point out the evils of opium smoking to the grown-up, and all
school teachers have to warn the children against the injurious and
demoralizing effects of the opium habit.
The population of the island amounts to present roughly to 3,000,000, of whom
in September, 1900, 169,064 were opium smokers. By the end of March, 1902,
only 152,044 were registered and licensed as opium smokers, the decrease of
17,020 having been caused by death or by the discontinuance of the opium
habit, and this number will no doubt rapidly be further reduced by the wise
policy that is being pursued.
It is significant that the opium imported, which represented in 1900 a value
of 3,392,602 yes, amounted in 1903 to the value of 1,121,455 yen only. From a
revenue point of view the policy restricting the use of opium in Formosa is
no doubt unfavorable, for it means the State a serious loss of income on the
one sides, and increased expenses for administration and the surveillance of
opium smokers on the other side.
While the Japanese Government has in no way tried to hurt the
susceptibilities of the natives by meddling with their religion and their
customs, it has given them tangible proof of the benefit of Japanese rule by
improving in every respect the conditions of the people. In the first place,
the law-abiding tollers are no longer terrorized and tyrannized over by
robber bands, and enjoy freedom under a just Government. In the second place
much has been done for their bodily welfare.
The country used to suffer much from epidemic diseases, which ere largely
caused by the wretchedly bad water which the natives obtained from stagnant
pools and contaminated streams. Consequently the Japanese set about to
provide a supply of pure water.
The total number of artesian wells that have bored in Formosa is not
available, but in the Tajhoku district alone, where about one-tenth of the
population is living, more than 800 wells have been sunk.
Fine System of Schools Started.
Education being the basis and starting point of all progress, Japan has
introduced her splendid education system in Formosa. There are schools for
the Japanese, with 60 teachers and 2,000 pupils, and there are 130 elementary
schools for the natives with a teaching staff of 521 teachers, who are
educating 18,149 children and transforming them into civilized beings.
However, Japan is not satisfied with providing elementary education for the
natives, for it is her ambition to give to Formosa the best she has to give.
Consequently Japan has established for the use of the natives a medical
school, a Japanese language school, and a school for training school teachers.
The medical school in Formosa has the grand distinction that it is the only
school in the Far East which gives a regular course of the modern science and
practice of medicine to students of Chinese origin. It is domiciled in
Taihoku, and at the present moment about 150 students are studying medicine
there under the guidance of competent Japanese professors.
The Japanese language school serves two objects. Its purpose is to spread the
Japanese language among the natives, and at the same time to furnish
opportunities to the Japanese to learn the native languages, and thus to
prepare them to act as teachers and interpreters iin the interior.
The happiness of the individual depends not only on his security, his freedom
from tyranny, and on his bodily wellbeings, but also on his prosperity.
Consequently Japan has made it her aim to increase the prosperity of her new
colony.
Making Network of Railways.
When Japan took over Formosa there were no roads in existence, but strange to
say there was a short piece of railway which was almost useless, so badly was
it built and so wretchedly was it managed. Railway fares and freights were
changed almost daily, and trains were run “when convenient.”
Understanding the fundamental requirements of Formosa, the Japanese started
methodically upon road making in many parts of the island, and according to a
recent report of the United States Consul more than 1,000 miles of road have
already been built. At the same time the Japanese Government mapped out a
comprehensive scheme or railways, on which it proposes to spend 28,8000,000
yen, or almost ￡ 3,000,000, an amount which for a country like Japan sounds
almost fabulous.
The piece of railway which the Japanese found in existence has already been
thoroughly reconstructed, and a new line from Shinhiku to Takao was commence
simultaneously from both termini with the greatest energy. Between 1897 and
1903, 95 miles of railway were laid, 37 stations were built, and 210 freight
cars and passenger wagons and 20 engines introduced.
During this period the number of passengers carried has grown fourfold and
the quantity of good transported tenfold. Besides, light railways were
introduced, of which 125 miles were laid within a few months. A further 52
mildes of light railroad are about to be built.
The post, telegraph, and telephones have also been introduced with the
greatest success. Between 1896 and 1902 eigthy-seven Post Offices were opened
for the public throughout the island, which, in 1902, handled 13,285,105
letters and post cards and 114,779 parcels, and issued 336,207 domestic money
orders. The length of telegraph wire has grown from 900 miles in 1896 to
2,600 miles in 1902, and 1350 miles of telephone wire have been laid, over
which in 1902 3,690,228 messages were sent.
The native industries which were carried on n Formosa when the Japanese
arrived were pursued in a very unsatisfactory fashion. Scientific
cultivation, and even thorough cultivation, of the fruitful ground was
unknown; the natives relies chiefly on the bounty of Nature unaided, and
though the Formosa farmer did obtain two, and even three, crops of rice a
year, his harvest was not proportionate to his toil and his income was
totally inadequate.
Through the improved methods which have been introduced by the Japanese, the
production of rice has increased by 10 percent between 1896 and 1902. The
production of tea has grown fivefold between the same years, and the other
agricultural staple products, such as sugar, sweet potatoes, cane, ramie,
jute, turmetric, &c., all show a very large increase.
The enormous forests also were insufficiently utilized, and the wastefulness
of the natives was such that, for instance, camphor oil was treated as waste
by the native refiners, who extracted camphor from the wood. The consequence
of the reforms which have been introduced by the Japanese has been that the
production of camphor has steadily increased from 1,534,596 kin in 1897 to
3,588,814 kin in 1903, and the output of camphor oil has risen from 638,603
kin in 1897 to 2,670,561 kin in 1903.
Mining likewise was carried on in the most superficial and improvident
fashion and consequently the maximum of labor yielded but a minimum of result.
By patient tuition and gentle insistence the Japanese have succeeded in
introducing improved methods in all industries. The farms yield better
harvests, the forests are scientifically exploited, and millions of young
camphor trees have been planted in suitable places, and the mining industry
has made an enormous progress in the last few years.
Bank and Currency System.
The improvement in trade and industries of Formosa naturally made apparent
the need of improved banking organs and an improved currency system.
Consequently, the Formosan Bank was established as the central baning organ
in the island, and private banking offices were opened in the more important
centres.
Post Office savings banks have also been opened, and have had a highly
gratifying success. The number of depositors has increased from 5,847 in 1896
to 41,145 in 1902, and the amount deposited from 228,487 yen in 1806 to
763,575 yen in 1902.
The currency of Formosa also had to be reformed. Formosa used to be a country
where the medium of exchange was bullion, not coin, exactly as in China, and
the bulky copper coinage used to make commercial transactions of any
magnitude wellnigh an impossibility. This antediluvian monetary system has
now been replaced by the up-to-date monetary system of Japan.
Japan has poured money like water into Formosa. She has established factories
for making brown sugar, white sugar, glass, pager, &c.; she has sent out many
of her ablest men as administrators, and she will no doubt in due time
receive her reward for her enlightened policy.
Only a few years have elapsed since the island has been completely pacified.
Nevertheless, the economic ordinary progress which has already been made is
very striking. The increased prosperity of the inhabitants may be seen from
the fact that the general revenue, which is principally derived from
Government works and undertakings, the opium monopoly, customs, and various
taxes has expanded from 2,711,822 yen in 1896 to 12,738,587 yen in 1903,
having grown almost tenfold.
The ordinary local revenue, which is chiefly composed of taxes on land,
houses, businesses, &c., has risen from 747,850 yen in 1898, to 1,952,220 yen
in 1902, having almost been trebled in four years. In the collection of the
general and local taxes, no undue hardship has been exercised in order to
obtain these magnificent results.
It is, therefore only natural that the population of Formosa has rapidly
increased parl passu with the development of its resources. In 1897, the
population of Formosa amounted to 2,455,357, but in 1903 it had risen to
3,082,404.
--
◤◥ Origin: 國立臺灣師範大學˙精靈之城 bbs.ntnu.edu.tw
◣◢ Author: beckychang 從 61-31-173-113.dynamic.tfn.net.tw 發表
→ beckychang 推：這是日治時期的報導 蠻值得一看的 ：） 07/10/08
--
※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc)
◆ From: 61.31.173.113