推 rain125:你這樣就不能拿來用了啦 本想說字典有現成的說 10/20 00:11
Source: A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics (5th edition)
by David Crystal
OT: In PHONOLOGY, a theory developed in the early 1990s concerning
the relationship between proposed underlying and output REPRESENTATIONS.
In this approach, an INPUT representation is associated with a class
of candidate OUTPUT representations, and various kinds of filter are
used to evaluate these outputs and select the one which is 'optimal'
(i.e. most well-formed). The selection takes place through the use
of a set of well-formedness CONSTRAINTS, RANKED in a hierarchy of
relevance on a language-particular basis, so that a lower-ranked
constraint may be violated in order to satisfy a higher-ranked one.
The candidate representation which passes the highest ranked constraint
is the output forms, 'im-' (before bilabials, as in 'impossible', 'immodest'),
and 'in-' elsewhere ('inarticulate', 'involuntary', etc.). The co-existence
of these forms means that there is conflict between the class of
FAITHFULNESS constraints (which require identity between input and output)
and the class of constraints which impose restrictions on possible
sequences of sounds - in this case, a constraint requiring that adjacent
CONSONANTS have identical place of articulation - which needs to be
resolved by an appropriate ranking of the relevant constraints.
Optimality theory thus aims to account for a wide range of phenomena by
specifying the interaction of a small number of UNIVERSAL constraints,
which apply variously across languages in producing phonological
representations. A particular constraint may achieve high ranking in
one language (i.e. its output accounts for many surface forms) and low
in another (i.e. its output accounts for only a small class of forms).
Although initially developed in relation to phonology, during the
later 1990s optimality theory came to be extended to MORPHOLOGY and
SYNTAX.
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