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dinoflagellates甲藻、雙鞭毛藻
are a diverse group of aquatic photoautotrophs and heterotrophs
are abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton
mixotrophy: utilize both organic and inorganic carbon sources
peduncle
chl. a, c, carotenoid (peridinin多甲藻黃素)
starch, stored in the cytoplasm (cf. plant stored in the chloroplast)
zooxanthellae蟲黃藻
Cryptomonads: phylum crptophyta隱藻門
Chocolate-brown, olive, blue-green, or red fast-growing, single-celled flagellates
Occur in marine and fresh waters, primarily in cold or subsurface waters
200 species
Small size (3~50μm)
Like euglenoids-vitamins, pigments (chl. a, chl. b, carotenoids, phycobilin), phagocytic
Secondary endosymbiosis- phycobilin
Chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleomorph (look like a nucleus)
Fig. 15-11
Haptophytes: phylum haptophyta定鞭藻
Marine phytoplankton
Unicellular flagellates, colonial flagellates and nonmotile single cells and colonies
300 known species in 80 genera
Hapotonema (fig.15-12), not have 9+2, can bend and coil
Function likefishing rod
Small, flat scales on the outer surface of the cell: calcified scales-coccoliths (fig.15-13)
Chl.a, chl.c, fucoxanthin
Secondary endosymbiosis
2 genera are notorious forming marine toxic blooms
Phylum oomycota卵菌門
Oospore卵孢子
Aquatic-freshwater
Most-saprophytic腐生
A few-parasitic寄生
The ecological impact of oomycetes can be significant
Diatoms矽藻phylum bacillariophyta
Diatoms are unicellular algae
With a unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica
Important phytoplankton
250 genera and 100000 living species
Differ from chrysophyta: lacking flagella and two-part cell walls
Frustules: opaline slica(SiO2．nH2O)
Pinnate diatoms兩側對稱
Centric datoms輻射對稱
Reproduction:
Asexual: cell division
Sexual: gametic meiosis, the size decreases to a critical level or physical envir. Change
Unfavorable conditions
Low levels of mineral nutrients, resting stages
Diatomaceous earth矽藻土
Abrasive, filtering, insulating material(耐火絕熱)
Pigments: chl. a, chl. c, fucoxanthin褐藻素
Storage materials: lipids, water-soluble polysaccharide chrysolaminarin金藻昆布糖
Stored in vacuoles
Most species are autorophic
Some are heterotrophic:
Epiphytes附生植物
Golden algae:金黃藻門
Unicellule or colony
Fresh and salt water
Golden algae, oralgae
1000 species
1~2 large chloroplasts
Food reserve: chrysolaminarin, stored in a vacuole
Ingest bacteria, amoebas, silica scales
Most golden algae are unicellular-
But some are colonial
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