看板 NTUFRC-89 關於我們 聯絡資訊
Species richness ˙Tropical rain forest is remarked for its high species diversity in tree stratum. As many as 40, or even 100 species of large tree can be found on 1 ha of land. Most of them belongs to different families. ˙Dominant species of a forest is hardly recognized. But Family dominance is more common. ˙Major families: Euphorbiaceae (大戟科) Rubiaceae (茜草科) Palmae (棕櫚科) Moraceae (桑科) Leguminosae (豆科) Dipterocarpaceae (龍腦香科) There are almost 50% of species in the world in tropical rain forest. 因此,除了"地球之肺",一般我們又稱這裡是"物種寶庫"。 Difference of tropical rain forests ˙Two divisions: "the new world"-Central & South America "the old world"-Africa & Asia They are important to identify their plants and animals. ˙The new world tropics : tree-dwelling, or arboreal animals 在中南美洲地區主要是以樹棲型動物為主。 ˙The old world tropics: land-dwelling, or terrestrial animals. 在亞、非洲地區主要是以陸棲型動物為主。e.g., Elephant, hippopotamuses ( Plant Stranglers : Ficus <old world> Clusia <new world> ) 著生植物也有差異,old world以Ficus為主,new world則以Clusia為主。 Differ according to the amount of rain they receive. The wettest one is in Cherrapunji, India, ==> 400 inches/yr but a lowland tropical forest in Portuguese Africa ==>only 50~60 inches/yr Technique for survival(plants) The forests are dominated by phanerophytes (up to 70%) 在熱帶雨林這裡,有70%都是"陸上挺空形態"的。 ˙Leave with drip tips(特化的葉尖) Keeps water from accumulating on the surface, where it could cause leaf to rot. 因為雨量相當豐沛,所以葉子的頂端特化為尖葉型,以利於排除水份, 防止葉面積水導致腐爛。 ˙Buttresses(板根) A tropical forest is top-heavy. Strong winds can topple a tree. outspread wings from the bottom of a tree trunk which are really extensions of the trunk. 因為熱帶雨林有相當多高大的樹木,所以他們需要更多的支持力量,故有板根的產生。 ˙Stilt root(支持根) Like mangroves, the live in oozy soil grow stilt root from the lower part of the trunk. 生長在濱海鬆軟土質的熱帶紅樹林,也需要更多的支持力,所以有支持根的產生。 ˙Cauliflory(幹生花) Some trees compete for the attention of pollinators by producing flowers directly from their bark, where insects can find them easily. In a tropical forest it is not unusual to see blossoms on a bare tree trunk. 在熱帶雨林中,樹木會在裸露的樹皮上直接長出幹生花,以吸引更多的昆蟲或其他動物,藉由他們得以傳播花粉。 Plant are not passive The greatest variety of plant defenses exists in tropical forests 在熱帶雨林中,如此複雜的生存關係,造就了這裡的植物繁演出世上最多樣化的防衛機制。 The three principal weapons in the plant arsenal: 1.thorn 2.spines 3.chemical substances (e.g. tannins) 主要大概有三種"武器":荊棘、刺狀物、化學物質(通常以單寧酸最為常見) 4.Pitcher plant(食蟲植物) leaf tips broaden into pitcher-shaped leaves. the pitcher then becomes a miniature stomach with special glands the secrete fluids to help the plant digest. 植物的葉會特化成壺狀以補食蟲類,待補食後,形成一個小的胃分泌出特殊液體,消化它們。 Technique for survival(animals) 由上圖表可得,雨林動物的棲地可由垂直、水平分為很多層,e.g., 像大象等大型動物多會生活在林緣等空曠處; 善於飛行的鳥類(大犀鳥)則多會在林冠層附近活動, 要是比較不會飛的鳥類(雉類)就只會在林下層活動; 而已進化為適合爬樹的靈長類動物多半會生活在林棚間。 ˙Poison arrow frog ˙Walking stick 毒箭蛙:皮膚上有腺體,可分泌毒液,以保護自身安全。 竹節蟲:外觀似樹枝狀,動作較不明顯,可偽裝成凝態,以躲避天敵或補食。 ˙leaf-cutting ants ants - ants come in different colors - red、black and brown, in different sizes. Some sting、some bite、some bite、some eat foliage. And some eat other insects. 螞蟻:在熱帶雨林當中,螞蟻算是底層相當重要的一種生物,而且還相當多種 的顏色、食性等等。 切葉蟻:大群的螞蟻會隨著赤侯出動,將葉子切片後帶回巢穴, 並不是以葉子為主食----將帶回的葉子清洗乾淨後, 加上自己的一滴體液,將葉子儲放在一起以培養他們的主食----真菌(fungi)。 Interconnections between plants & animals 動植物之間的關係是相當密切的,而在這麼多樣化的雨林當中更是如此。 1. animals as pollinators 動物可以做為授粉者。這應該是大自然相當普遍的現象。 2. pitcher plants v.s. spiders 前面所講的食蟲植物,其中有一種植物會讓蜘蛛生存在 他的特化葉中,並將分解完的昆蟲予蜘蛛分享。 3. Bullhorn acacia v.s. ants 螞蟻會棲息於這種樹上,若是有外來的昆蟲或是藤蔓植物侵襲這樹, 螞蟻就會群體出動將昆蟲驅離或是將藤蔓咬斷;而此樹也會利用葉間孔隙分泌 含有sugar的液體,供螞蟻食用。 4. figs v.s. wasps 榕小蜂會將卵產在無花果中,無花果可保護幼蟲,並給予其養份, 待幼蟲成熟,飛出果外時,身上會沾有花粉,藉機播種。 -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.csie.ntu.edu.tw) ◆ From: 140.112.205.244 ※ 編輯: PeanutBBS 來自: 140.112.205.244 (01/09 22:57) ※ 編輯: PeanutBBS 來自: 140.112.205.244 (01/09 22:58)