Species richness
˙Tropical rain forest is remarked for its high species diversity in tree
stratum. As many as 40, or even 100 species of large tree can be found
on 1 ha of land. Most of them belongs to different families.
˙Dominant species of a forest is hardly recognized. But Family dominance
is more common.
˙Major families:
Euphorbiaceae (大戟科) Rubiaceae (茜草科) Palmae (棕櫚科)
Moraceae (桑科) Leguminosae (豆科) Dipterocarpaceae (龍腦香科)
There are almost 50% of species in the world in tropical rain forest.
因此,除了"地球之肺",一般我們又稱這裡是"物種寶庫"。
Difference of tropical rain forests
˙Two divisions:
"the new world"-Central & South America
"the old world"-Africa & Asia
They are important to identify their plants and animals.
˙The new world tropics : tree-dwelling, or arboreal animals
在中南美洲地區主要是以樹棲型動物為主。
˙The old world tropics: land-dwelling, or terrestrial animals.
在亞、非洲地區主要是以陸棲型動物為主。e.g., Elephant, hippopotamuses
( Plant Stranglers : Ficus <old world> Clusia <new world> )
著生植物也有差異,old world以Ficus為主,new world則以Clusia為主。
Differ according to the amount of rain they receive.
The wettest one is in Cherrapunji, India, ==> 400 inches/yr
but a lowland tropical forest in Portuguese Africa ==>only 50~60 inches/yr
Technique for survival(plants)
The forests are dominated by phanerophytes (up to 70%)
在熱帶雨林這裡,有70%都是"陸上挺空形態"的。
˙Leave with drip tips(特化的葉尖)
Keeps water from accumulating on the surface, where it could cause leaf to rot.
因為雨量相當豐沛,所以葉子的頂端特化為尖葉型,以利於排除水份,
防止葉面積水導致腐爛。
˙Buttresses(板根)
A tropical forest is top-heavy. Strong winds can topple a tree.
outspread wings from the bottom of a tree trunk which are really
extensions of the trunk.
因為熱帶雨林有相當多高大的樹木,所以他們需要更多的支持力量,故有板根的產生。
˙Stilt root(支持根)
Like mangroves, the live in oozy soil grow stilt root from the lower part
of the trunk.
生長在濱海鬆軟土質的熱帶紅樹林,也需要更多的支持力,所以有支持根的產生。
˙Cauliflory(幹生花)
Some trees compete for the attention of pollinators by producing
flowers directly from their bark, where insects can find them easily.
In a tropical forest it is not unusual to see blossoms on a bare tree trunk.
在熱帶雨林中,樹木會在裸露的樹皮上直接長出幹生花,以吸引更多的昆蟲或其他動物,藉由他們得以傳播花粉。
Plant are not passive
The greatest variety of plant defenses exists in tropical forests
在熱帶雨林中,如此複雜的生存關係,造就了這裡的植物繁演出世上最多樣化的防衛機制。
The three principal weapons in the plant arsenal:
1.thorn 2.spines 3.chemical substances (e.g. tannins)
主要大概有三種"武器":荊棘、刺狀物、化學物質(通常以單寧酸最為常見)
4.Pitcher plant(食蟲植物)
leaf tips broaden into pitcher-shaped leaves.
the pitcher then becomes a miniature stomach with special glands the
secrete fluids to help the plant digest.
植物的葉會特化成壺狀以補食蟲類,待補食後,形成一個小的胃分泌出特殊液體,消化它們。
Technique for survival(animals)
由上圖表可得,雨林動物的棲地可由垂直、水平分為很多層,e.g.,
像大象等大型動物多會生活在林緣等空曠處;
善於飛行的鳥類(大犀鳥)則多會在林冠層附近活動,
要是比較不會飛的鳥類(雉類)就只會在林下層活動;
而已進化為適合爬樹的靈長類動物多半會生活在林棚間。
˙Poison arrow frog
˙Walking stick
毒箭蛙:皮膚上有腺體,可分泌毒液,以保護自身安全。
竹節蟲:外觀似樹枝狀,動作較不明顯,可偽裝成凝態,以躲避天敵或補食。
˙leaf-cutting ants
ants - ants come in different colors - red、black and brown,
in different sizes. Some sting、some bite、some bite、some eat foliage.
And some eat other insects.
螞蟻:在熱帶雨林當中,螞蟻算是底層相當重要的一種生物,而且還相當多種
的顏色、食性等等。
切葉蟻:大群的螞蟻會隨著赤侯出動,將葉子切片後帶回巢穴,
並不是以葉子為主食----將帶回的葉子清洗乾淨後,
加上自己的一滴體液,將葉子儲放在一起以培養他們的主食----真菌(fungi)。
Interconnections between plants & animals
動植物之間的關係是相當密切的,而在這麼多樣化的雨林當中更是如此。
1. animals as pollinators
動物可以做為授粉者。這應該是大自然相當普遍的現象。
2. pitcher plants v.s. spiders
前面所講的食蟲植物,其中有一種植物會讓蜘蛛生存在
他的特化葉中,並將分解完的昆蟲予蜘蛛分享。
3. Bullhorn acacia v.s. ants
螞蟻會棲息於這種樹上,若是有外來的昆蟲或是藤蔓植物侵襲這樹,
螞蟻就會群體出動將昆蟲驅離或是將藤蔓咬斷;而此樹也會利用葉間孔隙分泌
含有sugar的液體,供螞蟻食用。
4. figs v.s. wasps
榕小蜂會將卵產在無花果中,無花果可保護幼蟲,並給予其養份,
待幼蟲成熟,飛出果外時,身上會沾有花粉,藉機播種。
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※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.csie.ntu.edu.tw)
◆ From: 140.112.205.244
※ 編輯: PeanutBBS 來自: 140.112.205.244 (01/09 22:57)
※ 編輯: PeanutBBS 來自: 140.112.205.244 (01/09 22:58)