心得：
作者同意經濟發展的過程免不了由國家介入，但不贊成走所謂的「資本主義發
展路線」。他認為資本主義下的發展只是：政府與特定利益團體之間的「交相賊」
而已，並不能解決經濟發展不公平的問題，並強調資本主義的發展模式創造了無數
有待解決的難題與利益衝突。（筱妮）
讀完本篇基本上會認同作者是以一個結構主義的觀點來進行分析，在分析的過
程中也流露出功能主義的精神，因此本人認為作者是從結構功能論（且帶有現實主
義色彩）來看待所謂的發展，和國家社會當中，各行動者所要扮演的角色。並且我
也相當認同作者的態度，各種角色扮演，過猶不及。（彥穎）
附錄：（非本文，僅供同學參考之用）
Ardnt：對「經濟發展」概念的融合和演變有二，一、經濟發展是一個歷史過程（無
意識的）；二、經濟發展是一個活動，主要由政府支配、有意圖地接近或達
成特定目標。並且他認為二次大戰後，成長與發展本質上是相同的（Lewis、
Meire、Baldwin也如此認為）p.56;58
Marx：發展是偏見（不應有價值介入）、是連續衝突的產物。P.56
Deane：社會的分析必須從社會結構開始、財富的增加是成長而非發展。
Brewer：生產模式的分析才是重點，而不是某些模式成功的必然性。P.57
Schumpeter：成長與發展是有區別的、發展是不平衡、不連續、不協調的，對於既存
的結構而言，演變如同一連串的爆炸。P.57
Clower：發展的兩個區別要點：一、經濟成長不一定改變經濟結構、而經濟結構的改
變卻是經濟發展的重要部分；二、經濟成長可能無法達成規範性目標（既定
目標）。因此在概念上，發展是成長加上結構改變（實質上是所得分配或其
他增進福利的措施）
Seers：發展毫無疑問的具有歸範性意義，和進步是同義辭；國家自信心是發展重要因
素，也就是應減少對強權的依賴。p.61
Tardo：發展是一個多維的過程（包括：社會結構的改變、人民的態度、國家的制度、
經濟發展的加速、縮小經濟發展的不公平性、消滅貧窮），發展意義的核心價
值－生活物質、自尊、自由。P.62
Kadt：發展的意義是替更多人創造更多機會，替最多的人創造最多機會。P.62
很多人：認為自發性的經濟活動可以使窮人利益均霑，獲得分配。
社會結構：
Social structure refers to the idea that society is grouped into structures
with different functions, meanings or purposes. Family, religion, law, economy
and class are all social structures. This is related to the idea of "social
stratification," which refers to the idea that society is separated into
different strata, according to social distinctions such as a race, class and
gender. Social treatment of persons within various social structures can be
understood as related to their placement within the various social strata.
For example, some argue that men and women who have otherwise equal
qualifications receive different treatment in the workplace because of their
gender. Others note that individuals are sometimes viewed as having different
essential qualities based on their race and ethnicity, regardless of their
individual qualities. When examined, these social distinctions are often
considered stereotypes based on prejudice. However, these social distinctions
often go unexamined because they appear to be the result of social structures
rather than prejudice.
Some believe that social structure is naturally developed. It may be caused
by larger system needs, such as the need for labor, management, professional
and military classes, or by conflicts between groups, such as competition
among political parties, or among elites and masses. Others believe that this
structuring is not a result of natural processes, but is socially constructed.
It may be created by the power of elites who seek to retain their power, or by
economic systems that place emphasis upon competition or cooperation.
功能主義：
In the social sciences, functionalism originally attempted to explain social
institutions as collective means to fill individual biological needs; later it
came to focus on the ways social institutions fill social needs, especially
social solidarity. Functionalists argue that social institutions are
functionally integrated to form a stable system, and a change in one
institution will precipitate a change in other institutions. It was one of the
first twentieth century anthropological theories, until it was superseded by
structural-functionalism.
結構功能主義：
Structural-functionalism takes the view that society consists of parts
(e.g. police, hospitals, schools, and farms), each of which has its own
function. Structural-functionalism was the dominant perspective of cultural
anthropologists and rural sociologists between World War Two and the Vietnam
War. Along with conflict theory and interactionism, functionalism is one of
the three major sociological traditions.
引自http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Functionalism_(sociology)
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National Taiwan University
Graduate Institute of National Development
國立臺灣大學國家發展研究所
國發所網址http://ccms.ntu.edu.tw/~ndintu/
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