http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism
Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authorit
arian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leaders
hip of Benito Mussolini. The name comes from fascio, which may mean "bundle",
as in a political or militant group or a nation, but also from the fasces (rod
s bundled around an axe), which were an ancient Roman symbol of the authority
of magistrates. The Italian 'Fascisti' were also known as Black Shirts for the
ir style of uniform incorporating a black shirt (see: Political Colours).
Definition
The word fascism has come to mean any system of government resembling Mussolin
i's, that
1.exalts nation and often race above the individual,
2.uses violence and modern techniques of propaganda and censorship to forcibly s
uppress political opposition,
3.engages in severe economic and social regimentation, and
4.espouses nationalism and sometimes racism (ethnic nationalism).
According to the libertarian Nolan chart, "fascism" occupies a place on the po
litical spectrum as the capitalist equivalent of communism, wherein a system t
hat supports economic liberty is constrained by its social controls such that
it becomes virtually indistinguishable from totalitarianism.
In an article in the 1932 Enciclopedia Italiana, written by Giovanni Gentile a
nd attributed to Benito Mussolini, fascism is described as a system in which "
The State not only is authority which governs and molds individual wills with
laws and values of spiritual life, but it is also power which makes its will p
revail abroad.... For the Fascist, everything is within the State and... neith
er individuals or groups are outside the State.... For Fascism, the State is a
n absolute, before which individuals or groups are only relative."
Mussolini in a speech delivered on October 28, 1925, stated the following maxi
m that encapsulates the fascist philosophy: "Tutto nello Stato, niente al di f
uori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato." ("Everything in the State, nothing o
utside the State, nothing against the State".)
Nazism is usually considered as a kind of fascism, but it should be understood
that Nazism sought the state's purpose in serving an ideal to valuing what it
s content should be: its people, race, and the social engineering of these asp
ects of culture to the ends of the greatest possible prosperity for them at th
e expense of all else. In contrast, Mussolini's fascism held to the ideology t
hat all of these factors existed to serve the state, and that it wasn't necess
arily in the state's interest to serve or engineer any of these particulars wi
thin its sphere as any priority. The only purpose of the government under fasc
ism proper was to value itself as the highest priority to its culture in just
being the state in itself, the larger scope of which, the better, and for thes
e reasons it can be said to have been a governmental statolatry.
While Nazism was a metapolitical ideology, seeing itself only as a utility by
which an allegorical condition of its people was its goal, fascism was a squar
ely anti-socialist form of statism that existed by virtue and as an end in and
of itself. The Nazi movement spoke of class-based society as the enemy, and w
anted to unify the racial element above established classes. The Fascist movem
ent, on the other hand, sought to preserve the class system and uphold it as t
he foundation of established and progressive culture. This underlying theorem
made the contemporary Fascists and Nazis see themselves and their respective p
olitical labels as at least partially exclusive to one another.
Today, however, this difference is not made often in terminology, even when us
ed historically. This is mostly because both ideologies have ceased to be soci
ety-driven movements of their own anywhere in the world today. Outside of thei
r internal reasoning, their own opposing ideas have no part to play in modenr
politics, and could be said to be arbitrarily alien to the liberal states curr
ently dealing in defining political concerns.
As a political science, the philosophical pretext to the literal fascism of th
e historical Italian type believes the state's nature is superior to that of t
he sum of the individuals comprising it -- individuals exist for the state, ra
ther than the state existing to serve them. The resources that individuals pro
vide from participating in the community are conceived as a productive duty of
individual progress serving an entity greater than the sum of its parts. Ther
efore, all individuals' business is the state's business, and the state's exis
tence is the sole duty of the individual.
In its Corporativist model of totalitarian but private management, the various
functions of the state were trades, conceived as individualized entities maki
ng up that state. Further, it is in the state's interest to oversee them for t
hat reason, but not direct them or make them public because such functioning i
n government hands undermines the development of what the state is. Private ac
tivity is in a sense contracted to the state so that the state may suspend the
infrastructure of any entity in accordance with their usefulness and directio
n, or with health to the state.
Fascist movements have historically been composed of small capitalists, low-le
vel bureaucrats, and the middle classes. Fascism also met with great success i
n rural areas, especially among farmers, peasants, and in the city, the lumpen
proletariat. A key feature of fascism is that it uses its mass movement to att
ack the organizations of the working class - parties of the left and trades un
ions.
Unlike the pre–World War II period, when many groups openly and proudly procl
aimed themselves fascist, in the post–World War II period, the term has taken
on an extremely pejorative meaning, largely in reaction to the crimes against
humanity committed by the Nazis.
Today, very few groups proclaim themselves as fascist, and the term almost uni
versally is used for groups for whom the speaker has little regard, often with
minimal understanding of what the term actually means. The term "fascist" or
"Nazi" is often ascribed to individuals or groups who are perceived to behave
in an authoritarian manner; by silencing opposition, judging personal behavior
, or otherwise attempting to concentrate power. More particularly, "Fascist" i
s sometimes used by people of the Left to characterize some group or persons o
f the far-right or neo-far-right, or the far left activists as a description o
f any political or cultural influences perceived as "non-progressive," or mere
ly not sufficiently progressive. This usage receded much following the 1970s,
but has enjoyed a strong resurgence in connection with Anti-globalization acti
vism.
Fascism, in many respects, is an ideology of negativism: anti-liberal, anti-Co
mmunist, anti-democratic, anti-egalitarian, etc. As a political and economic s
ystem in Italy, it combined elements of corporatism, totalitarianism, national
ism, and anti-communism.
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