作者: cinson (cincin) 看板: IA
標題: [新聞] 印第安語面臨危機
時間: Fri Oct 17 22:34:22 2008
標題:Its Native Tongue Facing Extinction, Arapaho Tribe Teaches the Young
印第安腔調可能消逝, Arapaho部落回頭教小孩
來源:http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/17/us/17arapaho.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin
Its Native Tongue Facing Extinction, Arapaho Tribe Teaches the Young
By DAN FROSCH
Published: October 16, 2008
RIVERTON, Wyo. — At 69, her eyes soft and creased with age,
Alvena Oldman remembers how the teachers at St. Stephens boarding school on th
e Wind River Reservation would strike students with rulers if they dared to
talk in their native Arapaho language.
RIVERTON, 懷俄明 -- 69歲, 她的眼神柔軟與年長的皺紋
Alvena Oldman 記得他的老師 St. Stephens 抽查Wind River旁學校的學生，要是敢說
Arapaho的話的話，就拿尺打他。
“We were afraid to speak it,” she said. “We knew we would be punished.”
我們不敢說，會被打呀！
More than a half-century later, only about 200 Arapaho speakers are still
alive, and tribal leaders at Wind River, Wyoming’s only Indian reservation,
fear their language will not survive. As part of an intensifying effort to
save that language, this tribe of 8,791, known as the Northern Arapaho,
recently opened a new school where students will be taught in Arapaho.
Elders and educators say they hope it will create a new generation of native
speakers.
超過半個世紀，大約剩200個Arapaho話語者仍在世，部落長者，懷俄明的風河旁，印第安
保留區，擔心他們的語言不再存活下去。為了增強保護語言的效力，部落中的八千七百九
十一人，也就是Northern Arapaho，長者與學生創造新世代的母語人。
“This is a race against the clock, and we’re in the 59th minute of the last
hour,” said a National Indian Education Association board member,
Ryan Wilson, whom the tribe hired as a consultant to help get the school off
the ground. Like other tribes, the Northern Arapaho have suffered from the
legacy of Indian boarding institutions, established by the federal government
in the late 1800s to “Americanize” Native American children. It was at such
schools that teachers instilled the “kill the Indian, save the man”
philosophy, young boys had their traditional braids shorn, and students
were forbidden to speak tribal languages.
這是種族對抗時間的競賽，我們在__最後一小時的第五十九分鐘__國家印第安教育中心
成員Ryan Wilson如此說，他被聘為部落顧問來幫助學校把語言教學辦起來。
Northern Arapaho部落傳承印第安寄宿機構，成立於聯邦政府始於十九世紀的
「美國化」印第安小孩。這是那種學校教導"kill the Indian, save the man"的想法。
小男孩留著印第安辮子，被禁止說部落的話。
The discipline of those days was drummed into an entire generation of Northern
Arapaho, and most tribal members never passed down the language. Of all the
remaining fluent speakers, none are younger than 55.
那些校規影響整個Northern Arapaho幾個世代，幾乎全部沒有傳下語言。能全部流利的
語者，全都老於五十五歲。
That is what tribal leaders hope to change. About 22 children from
pre-kindergarten through first grade started classes at the school —
a rectangular one-story structure with a fresh coat of white paint and the
words Hinono’ Eitiino’ Oowu’ (translation: Arapaho Language Lodge) written
across its siding.
這是酋長希望改變的。約二十二個小孩在預備幼稚園開始他們的第一堂課--一個平常的
一個故事的架構與白色新大衣還有一個新字 Hinono' Eitiino' Oowu' (翻譯：阿拉帕荷
語小屋）寫在它的旁邊。
Here, set against an endless stretch of windswept plains and tufts of
cottonwoods, instructors are using a state-approved curriculum to teach
students exclusively in Arapaho. All costs related to the school, which has
an operating budget of $340,000 a year, are paid for by the tribe and private
donors. Administrators plan to add a grade each year until it comprises
pre-kindergarten through 12th-grade classes.
這裡，無盡大平原的呼嘯與一束楊木的畫面，教員以州立教程教導學生準確使用Arapaho。
所有的花費都有賴學校，一年預算有三十四萬，來自部落與私人貢獻。行政人員計畫每年
增加一個班級從學前教育到十二年級。
“This environment is a complete reversal of what occurs too often in schools,
where a child is ridiculed or reprimanded for speaking one’s heritage
language,” said Inee Y. Slaughter, executive director of the Indigenous
Language Institute, a group in Santa Fe, N.M., that works with tribes on
native languages.
學校發生了完全顛倒的事情，以前學生嘲笑或斥責說部落話的人。Inee Y. Slaughter說。
Indigenous Language Institute所長。在Santa Fe, N.M.,在部落裡研究部落的語言。
“I want my son to talk nothing but Arapaho to me and my grandparents,”
said Kayla Howling Buffalo, who enrolled her 4-year-old son, RyLee, in the
school.
我要我兒子用阿拉帕荷語跟我還有我爸聊天，只有阿拉帕荷語。Kayla Howling Buffalo說
，並帶著他四歲女兒RyLee註冊。
Ms. Howling Buffalo, 25, said she, too, had been inspired to take Arapaho
classes because her grandmother no longer has anyone to speak with and fears
she is losing her first language.
Howling Buffalo,25,說她被Arapaho的班機啟發，因為他的祖母不再有人可以聊天，擔心
他失去他母語。
Such sentiments are not uncommon on the reservation and have become more
pronounced in the five years since Helen Cedar Tree, at 96 the oldest living
Northern Arapaho, made an impassioned plea to the tribe’s council of elders.
這種不尋常的感情在保留區被更多的討論中，在這五年中，將Helen Cedar Tree，96歲
住在北Arapaho，以熱烈的請求帶到部落的長者會議中。
“She said: ‘Look at all of you guys talking English, and you know your own
language. It’s like the white man has conquered us,’ ” said
Gerald Redman Sr., the chairman of the council of elders.
“It was a wake-up call.”
她說：「看看你們說英文的，你們知道你們的語言象白人統治我們」
Gerald Redman Sr主席說。
-------------Part II-------------
A group of Arapaho families had sent their children to a pre-kindergarten
language program for years, but it was not enough. Heeding Ms. Cedar Tree’s
words, the tribe began using Arapaho dictionaries, night classes,
CDs made by the tribe, and anything they could find to help resuscitate the
language. In the end, “we knew in our hearts that immersion was the only
way we were going to turn this around,” said Mr. Wilson, a member of the
Oglala Lakota tribe.
He was referring not just to the potential for the Arapaho language’s
extinction but to a host of other problems that have long plagued the vast
reservation, which the tribe shares with the Eastern Shoshone.
“Language-immersion schools offer an environment that goes beyond
teaching the language,” Ms. Slaughter said.
“It provides a safe place where a child’s roots are nurtured, its culture
honored, and its being valued.”
According to tribal statistics and the United States Attorney’s Office in
Wyoming, 78 percent of household heads on the reservation are unemployed,
the student dropout rate is 52 percent and crime has been rising.
Most recently, in June, three teenage girls were found dead in a low-income
housing complex. The F.B.I. has not yet released autopsy results, but many
tribal members think drugs or alcohol were involved. The deaths left the
reservation reeling. Officials here hope that the school will herald a
positive change, just as programs elsewhere have helped native youth become
conversational in their tribal languages, enhancing cultural pride and
participation in the process. A groundswell of language
revitalization efforts has led to successful Indian immersion schools in
Hawaii, Montana and New York.
Studies show that language fluency among young Indians is tied to overall
academic achievement, and experts say such learning can have other positive
effects.
“Language seems to be a healing force for Native American communities,”
said Ellen Lutz, executive director of Cultural Survival, a group based in
Cambridge, Mass., that is working with the Northern Arapaho. At a recent
ceremony to celebrate the school’s opening, held in an old tribal meeting
hall, three young girls sang shyly in Arapaho. Behind them, a row of elders
sat quietly, their faces wizened and stoic, legs shuffling rhythmically as
familiar words carried through the building.
“They are the ones who whispered it on the playground when nobody was
looking,” Mr. Wilson said, referring to the elders.
“If we lose that language, we lose who we are.”
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