Philosophical subdisciplines
Philosophy has many subdisciplines.
Axiology: the branch of philosophical enquiry that explores:
Aesthetics: the study of basic philosophical questions about art and beauty.
Sometimes philosophy of art is used to describe only questions about art,
with "aesthetics" the more general term. Likewise "aesthetics" sometimes
applied, even more broadly than to "philosophy of beauty", to the "sublime,"
to humour, to the frighteningto any of the responses we might expect works of
art or entertainment to elicit.
Ethics: the study of what makes actions right or wrong, and of how theories
of right action can be applied to special moral problems. Subdisciplines
include meta-ethics, value theory, theory of conduct, and applied ethics.
Economic philosophy: The branch of philosophy that addresses issues of
economic distribtuion, equality, justice, poverty and progress, from the
standpoint of first principles.
Epistemology: the study of knowledge and its nature, possibility, and
justification.
History of philosophy: the study of what philosophers up until recent times
have written, its interpretation, who influenced whom, and so forth. The bulk
of questions in history of philosophy are interpretive questions.
Logic: the study of the standards of correct argumentation. Includes formal
logic, such as Aristotelian Syllogisms and propositional logic.
Meta-philosophy: the study of philosophical method and the goals of
philosophy. The term "philosophy of philosophy" is sometimes used
more or less as a synonym.
Metaphysics (which includes ontology): the study of the most basic
categories of things, such as existence, objects, properties, causality, and
so forth. Metaphysics often is taken to include questions now studied by
other philosophical subdisciplines, such as the mind-body problem and
free will and determinism.
Philosophy of biology: the philosophical study of some basic concepts of
biology, including the notion of a species and whether biological concepts
are reducible to nonbiological concepts. Also see biosophy.
Philosophy of education: the study of the purpose and most basic methods of
education or learning.
Philosophy of history: the study of the methods by which history is derived and
accepted.
Philosophy of language: the study of the concepts of meaning and truth.
Philosophy of mathematics: the study of philosophical questions raised by
mathematics, such as, what numbers are, and what the nature and origins of
our mathematical knowledge are.
Philosophy of mind: the philosophical study of the nature of the mind, and its
relation to the body and the rest of the world.
Philosophy of perception: the philosophical study of topics related to perception;
the question what the "immediate objects" of perception are has been especially important.
Philosophy of physics: the philosophical study of some basic concepts of physics,
including space, time, and force.
Philosophy of psychology: the study of some fundamental questions about the
methods and concepts of psychology and psychiatry, such as the meaningfulness
of Freudian concepts; this is sometimes treated as including philosophy of mind.
Philosophy of religion: the study of the meaning of the concept of God and of the
rationality of belief in the existence of God.
Philosophy of science: includes not only, as subdisciplines, the "philosophies of"
the special sciences (i.e., physics, biology, etc.), but also questions about induction,
scientific method, scientific progress, etc.
Philosophy of social sciences: the philosophical study of some basic concepts,
methods, and presuppositions of social sciences such as sociology and economics.
Political philosophy: the study of basic topics concerning government, including the
purpose of the state, political justice, political freedom, the nature of law, the
justification of punishment, and paternalism.
Value theory: the study of the concept value. Also called theory of value. Sometimes
this is taken to be equivalent to axiology (a term not in as much currency in the
English-speaking world as it once was), and sometimes is taken to be, instead of
a foundational field, an overarching field including ethics, aesthetics, and political
philosophy, i.e., the philosophical subdisciplines that crucially depend on questions
of value.
Axiology, metaphysics and epistemology are what many consider the three main branches
from which all philosophical discourse stems. Logic is sometimes included as another
main branch, sometimes as a separate science usually worked on by philosophers, sometimes
just as a characteristically philosophical method applying to all the others.
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