推 alchemist:推 03/02 14:47
試著翻譯了一下大義,大家看看有什么不妥的地方.
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~nanay/Handouts%20133.htm
How to Write A Philosophy Paper*
Bence Nanay
Stage 1--Developing a Paper:
* Keep introductory material to a minimum. It is sufficient to orient the re
ader. A very common mistake is to have an overly long introduction and an ov
erly short body to the paper.
介紹要盡量的少,這是我的一個缺點,實際上任何學科的論文都應該作到這一點.
* Explain your claims. Don't just repeat them over and over in different ter
ms. Here are some ways to explain a claim or a thesis:
盡量少重复,重复會讓讀者產生厭煩感.
* Explain the claims that are opposed to the claim under consideration.
減少重复的方法是提出与自己論點相反的論點.
* Explain the right and wrong ways to interpret the claim under consideratio
n.
另外一种是采用不同的解釋論點的方法(正确 或錯誤的)
* Consider an objection that is based on a mistaken interpretation. Explain
why it is mistaken.
解釋為什么會得出錯誤的結論.
* Define or explain the terms you use.
解釋你的術語.
It is sometimes hard to know which terms do and don't need to be explained.
If your
defense of a claim turns on a particular notion then that notion needs to be
explained.
如果一個語言符號有特殊的含義,解釋它.
If a lot is hanging on a particular use of a term then that term mustn't be
left imprecise. Here are some ways to explain a term:
* Spell out contrasting or opposed terms.
通過反義來解釋.
* Clarify differences from closely related terms.
同构近義來解釋.
For instance, 'real' as opposed to 'illusory' rather than 'real' as opposed
to 'possible'.
* Offer arguments to support your claims. Here are some common argument type
s:
提供論据的方法:
* Draw a parallel between your position and another that is obviously correc
t.
類推.通過明顯正确的來類推自己的論點.
* Show weaknesses in your opponent's position.
打擊你的對立面的弱點.
* Show that your position coheres better with the agreed upon facts than oth
er positions.
証明你的論點和事實更符合.
* Show that your position follows from either less controversial premises or
from premises that your opponent shares.
証明你的論點是從更加不矛盾的前提推出來的,或者可以從你的對立面推出來.
* Anticipate likely objections and defend your claim against them.
自己樹敵,再進行批駁.
* Try to unearth intuitions that support your position. State them in the fo
rm of a principle. Spell out what is intuitively appealing in your opponent'
s position and diagnose his mistake.
把自己的論點植根于直覺,并把這個直覺當作原理.找到和你的對立面有關的直覺,并且分
析它的錯誤.
* When you are arguing, make your assumptions explicit. This is especially i
mportant if they are controversial or not obvious.
盡量表面化你的假設,這點在的論點似乎有矛盾或者不明顯的時候特別重要.
* Give brief, relevant examples. Examples make difficult, abstract philosoph
ical points much clearer.
給出簡短,相關的例子,這些例子使得抽象困難的哲學觀點清晰化.
Stage 2--Writing and Revising:
* After you have completed a first version of your paper, set it aside for a
couple of days and forget about it.
把你的論文放几天再來修改.
This will help you to get some distance from it and so enable you to evaluat
e it more objectively.
* When you return to your paper, reread it carefully. Think what it would be
like to read this paper for the first time. Look for gaps in your argument,
awkward transitions, unstated assumptions, ambiguities etc.
找出你的論文的不合理的地方.
* Also, ask yourself the following questions:
* What point is the paper making? Is it stated clearly in the paper? Does th
e paper argue for that point or for some other point?
問自己几個問題:我的觀點是什么?它清楚了嘛?我証明清楚了嘛?
* What is the structure of the paper? Does it have a clear argumentative str
ucture?
我的論文的結构是什么?它有清楚的論証結构嘛?
* Look at the paper paragraph by paragraph. Identify the function of each pa
ragraph. How does it advance the structure or main point of the paper? Ask y
ourself if there is a more efficient way to organsie the paragraphs. Are som
e of them superfluous or repetitious? Do some of them need to be split into
two smaller paragraphs?
查看論文段落之間的邏輯關系,以及段落与主要論點的關系.能否改進.是否有重复的地
方.能否進一步分段?
Common Mistakes (How not to Write a Philosophy Paper):
* Good English is important. You CANNOT write a good philosophy paper in bad
English. Poor grammar and punctuation interfere with your meaning and are g
enerally unacceptable in college level writing. Clumsy or tangled expression
s spoil your arguments, insights, and explanations. Bad English is the singl
e biggest reason that students receive low grades in philosophy courses. How
ever, avoid adopting an overly 'literary' or affected writing style; clarity
and content are more important than beauty.
語言很重要.
* Do not be tempted to over-use quotations. Where possible, explain the mate
rial in your own words and use the author's words only to support contentiou
s aspects of your interpretation. Never use quotations to pad out a paper th
at is too short.
盡量少引用.僅僅用引用來証明自己的論點或者解釋.絕不要用引用來增加你的文章的篇
幅.
* You must cite the source of any quotations longer than about 3-4 words (a
footnote is sufficient). This includes material obtained from the internet.
You must also acknowledge the source of any idea that is not your own.
盡量給出引用的出處.以及別人原創的觀點.
* Avoid fluff, particularly at the beginning of your paper. In many papers,
it is possible to delete the first few paragraphs without any loss of conten
t. Your introduction should be short and to the point. Give a concise statem
ent of the issue at hand, explain how you are going to tackle it, and state
your thesis.
介紹要少.
* If your paper is too short, do not be tempted to pad it out with irrelevan
t or repetitious material. Re-read what you have written and ask the followi
ng questions:
增加文章篇幅的方法:
* Have you defined the important concepts?
你定義了重要的定義嘛?
* Have you spelled out the important arguments in sufficient detail?
論据充分嘛?
* Have you fully answered the questions in the essay topic?
充分的論証了論文的題目了嘛?
* Have you considered the strongest challenges to your positions and shown w
hy they are unsuccessful?
你充分的迎接了對你的論點的挑戰了嘛?它們是否成功?
* If your paper is too long, it almost certainly needs to be carefully edite
d. Do not be tempted to console yourself with thoughts such as, "the page li
mit is too low", or "reading an extra page or two won't kill my GSI". Keepin
g the paper within the page limits is a skill that you need to acquire.
可以保持文章的篇幅在一定的范圍內,這樣可以讓你養成清晰,良好組織論据以証明論點
的習慣.
It will help you to make your writing clear, well-structured and to the poin
t. If your paper is too long ask yourself the following questions:
如果減少論文的篇幅?
* Do you have a clear thesis? You should be able to state it in one or two s
entences.
論點清楚嘛?能否壓縮?
* Do you repeat yourself unnecessarily?
不必要的重复了嘛?
* Is your introduction short and consise? It should not be more than a coupl
e of paragraphs long at most. Usually, one paragraph is sufficient.
介紹是否太長?
* Does your paper have a clear, logical structure?
論文有一個清晰,邏輯正确的結构嘛?
* Does each paragraph express one, and only one, main point? Are your paragr
aphs short and simple?
每段是否只有一個主要論點?段落是否短小和足夠簡單?
* Does each paragraph serve a clear function? Could some of your paragraphs
be eliminated without loss to the main argument? If you are very attached to
a point of 'interest', consider putting it in a footnote.
每段是否有一個清晰的目標?考慮在不影響主要論据的情況下刪除一些段落.可以考慮放
一些內容進眉批.
* Can you express yourself more efficiently by omitting unnecessary words?
忽略一些文字是否也可以表達你自己呢?
* Don't be afraid to use the first-person (despite what your fifth-grade Eng
lish teacher may have told you). Philosophy papers require you to state and
defend your own position. Also, avoid jargon. What you write should be clear
to someone outside the course.
不要怕用第一人稱.你必須為自己的思想辯護.盡量少用術語.
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* The handout is partly based on Diana Flemming's teaching material.
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