推 supsymmetry:果然比我治學嚴謹:) 03/03 09:35
A repost. 我把被支解的英文單字還原，
並且加上我對supsymmetry的翻譯的意見。
為什麼小時候沒人教我這些？
※ 引述《supsymmetry (supsymmetry)》之銘言：
: 試著翻譯了一下大義,大家看看有什么不妥的地方.
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~nanay/Handouts%20133.htm
How to Write A Philosophy Paper*
Bence Nanay
Stage 1--Developing a Paper:
* Keep introductory material to a minimum. It is sufficient to orient
the reader. A very common mistake is to have an overly long introduction
and an overly short body to the paper.
: 介紹要盡量的少,這是我的一個缺點,實際上任何學科的論文都應該作到這一點.
實際上任何文章都要做到這點。
寫文章不是在寫操作手冊或教範。
我認為中文世界的哲學工作者或哲學學生們都得好好想想這句話。
什麼是Introduction？
是要介紹的是你要檢討的"問題"？
還是要介紹對這個問題表達過論點的大哲？
或是要介紹大哲們表達過的論點？
到底你寫這篇paper的目的是什麼？
* Explain your claims. Don't just repeat them over and over in
different terms. Here are some ways to explain a claim or a thesis:
: 盡量少重复,重复會讓讀者產生厭煩感.
重點不是在減少重複。
I would say: before explaining your claim, do consider what's your claim.
重點在解釋你的宣稱。而且不要只是拿一些不同的用語來同義反覆。
接者舉出了幾種解釋某個宣稱或論點的方法：
* Explain the claims that are opposed to the claim under consideration.
: 減少重复的方法是提出与自己論點相反的論點.
重點不是在減少重複。
解釋某論點的方式之一是解釋與此論點相反的論點。
* Explain the right and wrong ways to interpret the claim under
consideration.
: 另外一种是采用不同的解釋論點的方法(正确 或錯誤的)
另一種是解釋，對此論點，哪種是正確的，哪種又是錯誤的解讀。
* Consider an objection that is based on a mistaken interpretation. Explain
why it is mistaken.
: 解釋為什么會得出錯誤的結論.
考慮對此論點錯誤解讀而產生的反駁，並且解釋為什麼這種解讀是錯的。
* Define or explain the terms you use.
: 解釋你的術語.
這裡不一定要是"術語"。而是你在paper裡的一些用詞（可能）需要加以定義或解釋。
所以才會接下去說：
It is sometimes hard to know which terms do and don't need to be explained.
有的時候會弄不清到底哪些用詞得加以定義或解釋。
If your defense of a claim turns on a particular notion then that
notion needs to be explained.
: 如果一個語言符號有特殊的含義,解釋它.
當你對某個宣稱的辯護仰賴特定的想法。
（也就是你的用語有特定的意義），你得解釋你的用詞。
If a lot is hanging on a particular use of a term then that term mustn't be
left imprecise.
特別是當你大部分的論據都依賴這個用詞的特殊用法，
你得精確地使用、說明你用的這個詞。
Here are some ways to explain a term:
* Spell out contrasting or opposed terms.
: 通過反義來解釋.
舉出一些相反或者可以與之對比相較的詞。
* Clarify differences from closely related terms.
For instance, 'real' as opposed to 'illusory' rather than 'real' as opposed
to 'possible'.
: 同构近義來解釋.
這裡不是在說舉出的幾個不同用詞之間用法、意義相似。
這裡是說你得澄清這些被舉出來比較的詞語的"差異"。
* Offer arguments to support your claims. Here are some common argument
types:
: 提供論据的方法:
* Draw a parallel between your position and another that is obviously
correct.
: 類推.通過明顯正确的來類推自己的論點.
* Show weaknesses in your opponent's position.
: 打擊你的對立面的弱點.
* Show that your position coheres better with the agreed upon facts than
other positions.
: 証明你的論點和事實更符合.
"Show"離證明還有很大的距離。
用"指出"、"指明"會比較合適。
這裡不是在說你的論點"更符合"事實。
我覺得"更符合"是個很怪的想法，
這讓我想起我一個朋友常對他身邊的女人說的話：
You're either pregnant or not pregnant. There's no middle way.
這裡說的是：
你得指出，同樣是針對大家同意的事實，你的立場比起其他的立場要來的融貫。
* Show that your position follows from either less controversial premises or
from premises that your opponent shares.
: 証明你的論點是從更加不矛盾的前提推出來的,或者可以從你的對立面推出來.
指出你的立場是從較不具爭議的前提推出來的，
或是從與你對立者也接受的前提而來的。
換句話說，這幾點談的是提出argument。如何argue一件事。
如何讓你的論據更有說服力。
* Anticipate likely objections and defend your claim against them.
: 自己樹敵,再進行批駁.
"自己樹敵"？
難怪蘇格拉底會被抓來宰掉...難怪有些文會被砍...
挑釁可是很大的罪名啊！
Would anyone in his or her right mind want "自己樹敵"？
是世界上真的有，或者至少潛在的有，"enemy"，才會需要defence。
這裡是說寫paper時得猜想別人可能怎樣反駁你，
把別人可能的反駁寫出來，然後為你的宣稱辯護。
* Try to unearth intuitions that support your position. State them in
the form of a principle. Spell out what is intuitively appealing in your
opponent's position and diagnose his mistake.
: 把自己的論點植根于直覺,并把這個直覺當作原理.找到和你的對立面有關的直覺,
: 并且分析它的錯誤.
這是說仔細的找找有沒有支持你論點的直覺，把它用原則的形式重述。
舉出你對手的論點有什麼讓人們直覺覺得那是對的，找出你對手的錯誤。
* When you are arguing, make your assumptions explicit. This is especially
important if they are controversial or not obvious.
: 盡量表面化你的假設,這點在的論點似乎有矛盾或者不明顯的時候特別重要.
在論證時把你預設為真的事表達清楚，特別是這些預設有爭議或者並不明顯的時候。
* Give brief, relevant examples. Examples make difficult, abstract philosoph
ical points much clearer.
: 給出簡短,相關的例子,這些例子使得抽象困難的哲學觀點清晰化.
Stage 2--Writing and Revising:
* After you have completed a first version of your paper, set it aside for a
couple of days and forget about it.
: 把你的論文放几天再來修改.
This will help you to get some distance from it and so enable you to evaluat
e it more objectively.
* When you return to your paper, reread it carefully. Think what it would be
like to read this paper for the first time. Look for gaps in your argument,
awkward transitions, unstated assumptions, ambiguities etc.
: 找出你的論文的不合理的地方.
這沒有翻譯任何東西吧？
這裡說的是重讀自己的初稿時，把自己當作第一次看到這paper的讀者。
特別是要找出論據間的跳躍、詭異的轉折、沒說出來的預設、模稜兩可之處等等。
* Also, ask yourself the following questions:
* What point is the paper making? Is it stated clearly in the paper? Does
the paper argue for that point or for some other point?
: 問自己几個問題:我的觀點是什么?它清楚了嘛?我証明清楚了嘛?
這篇paper的主旨是什麼？ （例如：A理論是錯的）
這個主旨清楚的表達了嗎？
還是其實這篇paper其實談到別的問題上去了？ （例如：A理論沒有實用價值）
* What is the structure of the paper? Does it have a clear argumentative
structure?
: 我的論文的結构是什么?它有清楚的論証結构嘛?
* Look at the paper paragraph by paragraph. Identify the function of
each paragraph. How does it advance the structure or main point of the
paper? Ask yourself if there is a more efficient way to organsie the
paragraphs. Are some of them superfluous or repetitious? Do some of
them need to be split into two smaller paragraphs?
: 查看論文段落之間的邏輯關系,以及段落与主要論點的關系.能否改進.是否有重复的地
: 方.能否進一步分段?
這裡在講的是所有論說文都要有的架構。
寫的每段都要有用意的，都要在paper扮演特定功能的。
然後，有個重點翻譯沒提到：make it efficient.
Common Mistakes (How not to Write a Philosophy Paper):
* Good English is important. You CANNOT write a good philosophy paper in bad
English. Poor grammar and punctuation interfere with your meaning and
are generally unacceptable in college level writing. Clumsy or tangled
expressions spoil your arguments, insights, and explanations. Bad English
is the single biggest reason that students receive low grades in philosophy
courses. However, avoid adopting an overly 'literary' or affected writing
style; clarity and content are more important than beauty.
: 語言很重要.
語言很重要。
不過，我覺得啦，這在中文世界好像常常被忽略了。
* Do not be tempted to over-use quotations. Where possible, explain the
material in your own words and use the author's words only to support
contentious aspects of your interpretation. Never use quotations to pad
out a paper that is too short.
: 盡量少引用.僅僅用引用來証明自己的論點或者解釋.絕不要用引用來增加你的文章的篇
: 幅.
為什麼我看到這點會想笑...XD
* You must cite the source of any quotations longer than about 3-4 words (a
footnote is sufficient). This includes material obtained from the internet.
You must also acknowledge the source of any idea that is not your own.
: 盡量給出引用的出處.以及別人原創的觀點.
這不是"盡量"！這是寫學術文章引註的規則。
* Avoid fluff, particularly at the beginning of your paper. In many papers,
it is possible to delete the first few paragraphs without any loss of content.
Your introduction should be short and to the point. Give a concise statement
of the issue at hand, explain how you are going to tackle it, and state
your thesis.
: 介紹要少.
"廢話要少"。
寫出你要處理的爭點、問題是什麼，
解釋你要怎樣處理這個問題，
然後簡單說出你的論點。
這樣就夠了。
* If your paper is too short, do not be tempted to pad it out with
irrelevant or repetitious material. Re-read what you have written
and ask the following questions:
: 增加文章篇幅的方法:
這點我不知道怎麼說。
講個題外話。以前在台灣讀書時，很多老師都會要求報告的字數下限。
出國以後，看到的從來都是"上限"...
真是奇怪，這說明一定問題...
* Have you defined the important concepts?
: 你定義了重要的定義嘛?
"你定義了重要的概念嗎？"
* Have you spelled out the important arguments in sufficient detail?
: 論据充分嘛?
不是論據充分，而是你對論據的說明，details，是否充分。
* Have you fully answered the questions in the essay topic?
: 充分的論証了論文的題目了嘛?
問你A、B、C，你是不是只回答了A和B？
* Have you considered the strongest challenges to your positions and
shown why they are unsuccessful?
: 你充分的迎接了對你的論點的挑戰了嘛?它們是否成功?
你在paper裡需要考慮對你論點的可能挑戰，你當然不會認為它們成功。
這裡的重點是你是否清楚表達它們"為什麼"不成功。
* If your paper is too long, it almost certainly needs to be carefully
edited. Do not be tempted to console yourself with thoughts such as,
"the page limit is too low", or "reading an extra page or two won't
kill my GSI". Keeping the paper within the page limits is a skill that
you need to acquire.
: 可以保持文章的篇幅在一定的范圍內,這樣可以讓你養成清晰,良好組織論据以証明論點
: 的習慣.
It will help you to make your writing clear, well-structured and to the poin
t. If your paper is too long ask yourself the following questions:
: 如何減少論文的篇幅?
* Do you have a clear thesis? You should be able to state it in one or two
sentences.
: 論點清楚嘛?能否壓縮?
清楚的論點應該能用一兩句話表明。
* Do you repeat yourself unnecessarily?
: 不必要的重复了嘛?
* Is your introduction short and consise? It should not be more than a
couple of paragraphs long at most. Usually, one paragraph is sufficient.
: 介紹是否太長?
簡介就是要簡明扼要。通常一段就夠了。
* Does your paper have a clear, logical structure?
: 論文有一個清晰,邏輯正确的結构嘛?
* Does each paragraph express one, and only one, main point? Are your
paragraphs short and simple?
: 每段是否只有一個主要論點?段落是否短小和足夠簡單?
* Does each paragraph serve a clear function? Could some of your paragraphs
be eliminated without loss to the main argument? If you are very attached
to a point of 'interest', consider putting it in a footnote.
: 每段是否有一個清晰的目標?考慮在不影響主要論据的情況下刪除一些段落.可以考慮放
: 一些內容進眉批.
這是在說，如果你拿掉某個段落不影響你整篇paper的論據，
（也就是說這很可能只是相關，是岔題了）
而你又覺得這個段落談的事，儘管與文章主旨關連不大，
卻又是重要或有意思的問題，
也許把它放在腳註裡。
* Can you express yourself more efficiently by omitting unnecessary words?
: 忽略一些文字是否也可以表達你自己呢?
* Don't be afraid to use the first-person (despite what your fifth-grade
English teacher may have told you). Philosophy papers require you to state
and defend your own position. Also, avoid jargon. What you write should be
clear to someone outside the course.
: 不要怕用第一人稱.你必須為自己的思想辯護.盡量少用術語.
後面基本上都是在講怎樣寫學術文章，倒不是特定對哲學論文。
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※ 編輯: ahyang 來自: 82.35.192.72 (03/03 02:38)