[討論] 日本狙擊手的戰術，1942菲律賓與所羅門

[kau76901 (KAU)]

關於日本狙擊手的戰術，其實非常的單調不變，總結地來說可以歸納成以下三個重點：
1.把自己偽裝起來。
2.躲在樹上。
3.找機會等軍官、士官之類高價值目標靠近斃了他。

日本這邊自己的資料主要都是討論狙擊槍本身，但是卻對於日本運用狙擊手的實際戰術很
少著墨。其中最主要的原因是，日本狙擊手基本上是種消耗品，他們的生還率極其之低，
通常在極近距離開火而且接下來的下場就是被美軍集火打成蜂窩。

顯然地，由於狙擊手未經過良好的射後轉移訓練，使得日本狙擊手陷入一種沒有辦法累積
經驗、沒有人活著回去總結教訓、所以戰術也就永遠不會進步的窘態。

對於日本狙擊手的作戰紀錄，反倒是作為其對手的美國人比較重視、也作了更詳盡的戰報
分析研究。我們來聽聽日本人的對手是怎麼說的吧。


1942年8月27日，美國陸軍彙證了菲律賓淪陷前守軍對日本部隊的戰鬥報告書：

The Japanese soldiers were fairly young, their average age being about 22 to
23, although the best troops were about 25, many of whom had had experience
in China.
這批日本兵非常年輕，他們大多介於22~23歲，戰鬥力最好的是25歲左右年紀。他們大多
數都有在中國實戰的經驗。

As in every other campaign in the Far East, the principal tactics used by the
Japanese centered on their ability to infiltrate. The actual infiltrations
were usually carried out at night. The Japanese would work their way forward
in small parties through gaps, around flanks, and even through the front
lines. They would remain quiet during the following day, and on the next
night more troops would infiltrate the American position until there was a
sufficiently strong force actually in or behind the American lines to launch
a small attack. In these infiltration tactics the Japanese were capitalizing
on the initiative and "fanaticism" of the individual soldier.

在遠東戰場上，日軍最主流的戰術思想是滲透戰法。日軍通常挑選夜間滲透我們，並且會
試圖分散成小集團繞過我們的側翼、甚至溜進戰線之間。他們在滲透過程中絕不發出聲音
，甚至可以在白天完全潛伏，等待隔天夜裡更多的日軍部隊滲透進來，直到他們確定數量
上足夠淹沒美軍陣地時，才會發起小規模的攻勢。日軍賴以實施這種滲透戰術的秘訣，在
於灌輸至最基層士兵的狂熱鬥志。

American officers seem to agree that this "fanaticism" manifests itself
particularly in lack of fear of death. As one officer puts it, "they will do
things that they know will cost them their lives; for example, throw
themselves on wire so that the following troops may pass over their bodies,
or destroy tank mines by deliberately walking on them." In actual battle they
are ferocious fighters. They very rarely surrender, because they fear what
their captors will do to them and because they believe that if they die they
go to Heaven and their families are honored. They also believe that if they
surrender and are later retaken by their own troops, their families will be
disgraced and they themselves will be punished. Even when surrounded,
individual groups and soldiers will continue to fight on. One occasion has
been reported when U.S. forces surrounded about 2,000 Japanese behind the
American lines; about 200 got away, but the rest fought so savagely, refusing
to surrender, that only about 50 were left to be captured. Many Japanese will
even go so far as to commit suicide rather than be taken prisoner.

美國軍官們認為這種狂熱最主要反映在日軍不畏死亡此一事實上。這些日本人總是喜歡去
作一些會丟掉自己老命的戰法，舉例來說，他們會撲倒在鐵絲網上讓後續部隊通過而不是
剪斷它、他們會抱著反坦克地雷衝向坦克而不是埋了它。在實戰中他們是狂熱的戰士，很
少投降，這是因為他們認為被俘會使他們的家人丟臉，甚至是連一時投降等待時機被友軍
救出，也不允許。就算被切割包圍，日軍的小集團單位還是會奮戰至死。一個案例是我軍
包圍了兩千名滲透進戰線後方的日本兵，其中約有200人成功逃出生天，但剩下的大多數
都瘋狂戰鬥，拒絕投降，到最後我們只俘虜了五十人。日本兵大多數都寧可自殺而不願被
俘。

Another instance of the excellent fighting qualities of the individual
Japanese soldier was illustrated in the extensive use of snipers. Apparently
the members of the sniper corps were a picked group, for their marksmanship
was extremely good, and they had been provided with special clothing.

另一個展現日本單兵素質的地方，是在於日軍在攻勢中會非常積極地運用狙擊手。日本狙
擊手是經過精挑細選，槍法精良，而且有相當良好的偽裝服。

Climbing a tree, the sniper would hide in the foliage after tying himself to
the tree with vines or rope. There he would wait patiently for a suitable
target. These snipers apparently had instructions to concentrate on the
American officers, for often they would let a whole detachment of Filipino or
American enlisted men go by in order to wait for a shot at an officer. The
snipers employed the regular .25 caliber rifle of the ground troops, using
powder which gave no flash, no smoke, and "a report not much louder than that
of a B-B gun."

日本狙擊手通常會爬到樹上，而且用繩索或樹藤把自己固定住。他們會耐心等待高價值目
標才開火，特別是在菲律賓他們會專挑軍官與士官幹部打。這些狙擊手配備了.25口徑的
狙擊槍（6.5mm的九七式）、而且這種槍沒有槍口火光、沒有煙霧、聲音甚至不會比BB槍
更大。

The Japanese had a novel method of serving their light machine gun. One man
served as the mount, the second man was gunner. They would both drop to the
ground and as soon as they had finished a clip, they would roll over, crawl
away about 10 or more yards and then open up on the same targets. This had
the effect of confusing the American and Filipino troops as to the exact
position of the enemy, sometimes leading them to believe that there were two
or more machine guns operating against them. The gun used was not a tommy
gun, as many thought, but simply the Nambu light .25 caliber machine gun.

值得一提的是日本人運用輕機槍的戰術。日本輕機槍是兩人一小組，當他們裝填新的彈匣
時，會挾著機關槍在地上翻滾個差不多十碼左右，然後從新的位置開火。這使得美軍與菲
軍部隊經常會誤以為日軍有好幾挺機槍在同時開火、誤判形勢。日本人使用南部製造的
.25口徑輕機槍。（6.5mm的歪把子）

＊＊＊＊＊

基本上在菲律賓戰役期間，美軍完全喪失了空優與制海權，頭上有日本飛機掃射、海上有
艦砲岸轟，因此在這裡日軍是罕見地扮演攻方、而非守方。

但是日軍在攻勢中運用狙擊手的方式，其實與守勢時相差無幾，他們會遠離主力部隊，嘗
試滲透到戰線兩翼去，然後躲藏起來等待高價值目標接近、加以射殺。

在看完了日軍擔任攻方的戰術後，我們來看看日軍擔任守方時的戰術。

1942年10月22日，美國陸戰隊向戰爭部所作之報告：
＜所羅門群島地區的日軍防禦戰術＞

"The flanks of Japanese positions and weapon emplacements were covered by
snipers. Snipers were concealed in the tops of palm trees and were not
detected until they opened fire, despite careful observation of tree tops.
The Browning automatic rifle proved to be an excellent weapon for dealing
with snipers.”

日軍通常使用狙擊手來掩護他們的陣地側翼。日本狙擊手通常會躲藏在樹頂，而且偽裝的
極佳，不管我軍再怎麼仔細偵查，通常在他們開火以前是找不到的。但是使用BAR自動步
槍，就可以很完美地解決掉這些狙擊手。

"Fighting took place at ranges of 50 to 100 yards.”

這一地區的戰鬥通常在50~100碼以內開打。

"When questioned about the lack of prisoners, a U.S. officer said that
apparently a great deal of propaganda had been spread among the Japanese
soldiers about the horrible things that would happen to prisoners.”

根據我方軍官對日本戰俘的訊問，認為日本降兵會如此之少的原因，是因為他們的恐嚇宣
傳非常之有效。

"Naval gunfire and dive-bombing was still going on when the initial wave
landed. No fire was received by this first wave, as all the Japanese had
taken cover. After cessation of naval gun fire and bombing, the Japanese
began firing from dugouts on the island and fire was received from an
adjacent island.”
當我軍第一波部隊在艦砲與俯衝轟炸機的掩護下登陸時，日本人都躲進掩體裡了，不對我
們的第一波部隊開火。但在支援砲火停止後，日本人就回到陣地裡開始攻擊。

"The first wave tossed grenades into the entrance to the dugouts that they
passed. Although the grenades exploded within the entrance, it was later
found that they were ineffective due to the type of entryway. Enemy troops
fired from dugouts on the rear of the first wave and into the second and
third waves, aided by snipers in the tops of coconut trees.

雖然我軍先鋒嘗試突入壕溝投擲手榴彈，但是稍後被證明這種攻擊對抗日本人精良的工事
是沒效的。未被肅清的敵軍，透過躲在樹上的狙擊手支援，在我軍每一波登陸波次之間進
行偷襲。

“One sniper shot down from a tree had coconuts hung around his neck to help
conceal him. One sniper in a palm tree had protected himself with armor plate.
”

一個日本狙擊手被我們打下樹，但是他用椰子殼製成的護頸保住了性命。另一個我們幹掉
的狙擊手，則被發現他身上穿著鐵甲。

"Japanese marksmanship was characterized as poor and not very dangerous if
one kept moving and avoided lying in the open.”

日本人的槍法極其差勁，只要你不斷移動並且避免在開闊地臥倒，就毫無威脅性。

"It was emphasized that no flash, smoke or muzzle blast was visible from
Japanese weapons”

日本人的槍砲之槍口燄、噴煙與閃光非常難以發現。

"The Japanese snipers paid particular attention to picking off officers and
noncommissioned officers whose exterior garments carried insignia or markings
indicating their rank."

日本狙擊手特別喜歡挑我軍的軍官、士官幹部下手。這可能是因為他們懂得判讀我方的軍
階與識別章紀。

以下是來自於陸戰隊士兵個人的手記、家書或回憶錄的內容。

"Individually, he is a good soldier; in fact, an excellent one. They very,
very seldom give up but will fight until killed, even after being badly
wounded. Of a force of well over 700 that we wiped out, we were only able to
take 34 prisoners, and 33 of them were so badly wounded that they couldn't do
anything. We asked each one if they had been told that they would be killed
if captured and they said "No," but that they expected to be. All insisted
that they would never be able to return to Japan, so that probably is the
answer.

個人以為那幫日本兵是厲害的傢伙，事實上，非常卓越。這些人除非戰死或身負重傷，否
則不會放棄抵抗。我們殲滅了一支七百人的日軍單位，但是只抓到34個戰俘，其中有33個
是已經失能的重傷患。我們詢問他們是否有宣傳說會被我們殺掉，雖然他們否認有宣傳，
但都自認會被我們殺掉。這些人都說這下再也沒臉回日本去了，這或許就是答案吧。

"Each Jap carried a camouflage net made of mesh with wood-fiber strands, and
it is actually impossible to see them at 50 yards if they lie still with it
on.”

那些小日本都用當地的草木泥巴做成了非常好的迷彩偽裝，所以他們在臥倒時，除非靠近
到50碼內否則完全認不出來。

"As you have been told before, they are great on sniping. After our initial
landing, and after they had taken to the mountains, they worried us quite a
bit, as they would slip in at night (or hide out during the day) and do a lot
of firing. For two nights we actually had them running around inside
Regimental Headquarters lines. As it was as dark as pitch we couldn't fire
and they would outrun our boys. We had one sniper near our galley that would
take one shot of a morning and one in the evening. We combed the fields and
the coconut trees but we never found him. I am glad to say that he was a damn
poor shot and he didn't get anyone before he finally beat it.”

就像我們事前被告知的一樣，那些日本人超愛狙擊。在第一波登陸後，他們佔領了山丘，
並且對我軍造成了一點小困擾，這群人會在晚上溜掉（或在白天避開我們），然後拼命開
火。甚至有兩次，日本狙擊手在晚上跑進了我們的團指揮所裡，那實在是夜色暗到我們的
弟兄看不清這幫人身影。我們這防區還有個日本狙擊手，他總是每天在早上和晚上各開一
槍；我們翻遍了戰場上所有的椰子樹可偏偏就是找不到這傢伙。我得很榮幸的說，感謝這
傢伙他媽爛到爆的槍法，在他被解決以前我們之中沒有任何一個弟兄中彈。

"In my opinion it boils down to this. The Japs are excellent individual
soldiers but their headwork is very poor.”

依我看，那些日本兵打得非常好，但指揮他們的高層實在是遜斃了。

＊＊＊＊＊

與陸軍在菲律賓的經驗相比，最大的差別就是美國陸戰隊眼中的日本狙擊手普遍槍法很遜
。這可能是因為相對於拘泥於一次大戰線式戰術思想的美國陸軍，陸戰隊帶有更積極攻勢
的教範色彩，鼓勵步兵在戰場上採取運動而非陣地戰方式戰鬥，結果日本狙擊手在射擊移
動目標時的命中率就大幅下降了。

另一方面，陸戰隊也比他們的陸軍弟兄更有自信，他們在發現日軍狙擊手後會懂得使用自
動武器集火將之射殺，而非束手無策。盡管日軍喜歡在近距離挑起戰鬥，但配備了大量衝
鋒槍、自動步槍、卡賓槍與火燄放射器的陸戰隊，其實在近距離的戰鬥中更是穩操勝券。





--
※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) 
◆ From: 114.24.57.14
推 NKN:日軍槍法差的根本原因是他們跟國軍一樣省子彈射擊訓練太少
→ NKN:還有日本兵大多是普通農民而沒有民間的狩獵經驗
→ NKN:像在芬蘭 對熟練的獵人來說 當地的王鴨比蘇聯兵還難打中
推 ThePanzer:應該是後期徵召上前線的那種 槍法才爛 日軍超愛精準射擊
→ ss59418ss:they are great on sniping 翻成超愛狙擊？其他很多地方
→ ss59418ss:也都翻錯了，版上懂英文的應該很多吧，還是自己看原文比
→ ss59418ss:較好→http://goo.gl/hRXFu（這篇主要也不是在講狙擊手
推 sfsm:等SS上來說現在狙擊手也是綁在樹上的，還有規範
→ ss59418ss:還是別亂用戲謔語氣亂下結論吧 http://goo.gl/Y5HCb
→ ss59418ss:要看深入一點的分析可以看 http://goo.gl/Scif3
→ ss59418ss:日軍狙擊手的戰術看歩兵操典就有了（昭和15年改定版）..
→ ss59418ss:應該說1932年就有抄某國的操典改正了...
推 rangertsao:通篇看下來翻成超愛狙擊不算錯阿~~
→ rangertsao:也許翻成擅長於使用狙擊(的戰術)會更正確
→ rangertsao:但是跟前面的敘述一比較就會很清楚 這裡的great on
→ rangertsao:snipe不會是指精準(marksmanship)上的great
→ rangertsao:而是戰術使用上的great on 亦即大量使用~~
→ ss59418ss:不算錯喔？那"conceal him"翻成"保住性命"呢？
→ rangertsao:因此這裡的great on snipe翻成超愛狙擊(大量使用狙擊)
→ rangertsao:並沒有失去文意~~
→ rangertsao:然後請問一下 告訴你great on fire這句也可以這樣翻(A)
→ rangertsao:跟 conceal him被翻成保住性命(B)
→ ss59418ss:原意就是擅長的意思啊，其它也是好笑的亂翻一堆
→ rangertsao:(A)和(B)兩個事件有什麼相關性？然後證明(B)為真或偽
→ rangertsao:對於判斷(A)又有什麼關聯性？
→ ss59418ss:沒相關啊，我只是告訴你很多地方翻錯而已
→ rangertsao:就像你自己說的 版上懂英文的不少 在你一口咬定對方翻
→ rangertsao:錯之前 先確認一下自己有沒有掌握住文意吧~~
→ rangertsao:不然你自己表態好了 你認為這裡的great on snipe
→ ss59418ss:那你怎確認我沒掌握到文意？我有說要翻成射擊很精準？
→ rangertsao:是不是指狙擊戰術上使用的大量(great)?
→ rangertsao:另外 我不像你這麼了不起的一口咬定別人"翻錯"
→ rangertsao:我只是看了你對原po的指責後提出質疑罷了~~
→ ss59418ss:跟戰術上大量使用不一樣吧...主要還是指擅長運用
→ ss59418ss:愛用不見得用得好，原po或許只是想淡化掉正面評價改了措
→ rangertsao:哪方面的擅長？你還是沒表明這裡的snipe到底該怎麼翻
→ ss59418ss:辭，但其他錯誤就不太好硬凹了
→ rangertsao:如果像你前面表示的不是射擊精準度 也不是狙擊戰術~~
→ rangertsao:那麼這裡的snipe到底是指什麼？
→ rangertsao:然後我在跟你說(A)有問題 你為什麼要一直跳題去講(B)?
→ ss59418ss:這個問題建議你去 Translation討論吧...
推 rangertsao:先信誓旦旦的說原po翻錯 然後被質疑了就要跳脫討論^^
→ rangertsao:不要搞這種笑話好不好......
→ rangertsao:既然你覺得原po翻錯 那你到底覺得怎樣翻才對？
→ rangertsao:還是你自己也說不出，但是你確信原po翻錯了？
→ rangertsao:退一萬步講，你也不需要提出完全正確的答案才能說原po
→ rangertsao:錯，但是你至少該提出他哪裡錯
→ rangertsao:如果連爭點都不願意表態解釋清楚 我不明白你到底是不是
→ rangertsao:真的有心討論~~
→ ss59418ss:我上面推文中不是寫了擅長狙擊戰術嗎？你認為不對嗎？
推 rangertsao:所以現在爭點要從snipe轉到great囉~
→ rangertsao:這裡你認為great on snipe的great是指強大/擅長 而不是
推 ss59418ss:...真不知道你想爭啥...另外原文的前文就是As you have
→ rangertsao:大量使用囉？討論開始前先確認一下你的論點以免誤會
→ ss59418ss:been told before 而已，仔細看那篇連結吧
推 rangertsao:你現在又想跳去哪？As you gave been told before這句
→ rangertsao:這句主詞到底是誰.....這裡明明是說"就像之前告訴你的"
→ rangertsao:那麼我們回頭看看發言者之前告訴我們什麼~~
→ rangertsao:從Individually這段開始才是由這個發言者所發言
→ ss59418ss:我說該是擅長狙擊戰術你認為不對的話就隨你囉，我也沒想
→ ss59418ss:你沒完沒了地討論下去...
→ rangertsao:他在前面針對日軍狙擊手只提到了迷彩的部份
→ rangertsao:在之後則提到了混進防區的狙擊手很難找 然後強調對方槍
→ rangertsao:法超爛~~
→ rangertsao:我實在看不出你引As you have been told一句到底想說明
→ rangertsao:什麼........
→ rangertsao:完全不懂你為什麼會突然天外飛來此句~~
→ rangertsao:講了半天我獲得了以下的結論，1.ss你認為原po翻錯了
→ rangertsao:2.ss你覺得great on snipe應該是指擅長使用狙擊戰術
→ rangertsao:3.我認為原po的翻法是基於"大量使用狙擊"
→ rangertsao:4.最後繞回原點 ss你既然認為原po翻錯 那麼相關的論述
→ rangertsao:到底在哪？
→ rangertsao:討論的原點不就在於你認為的"原po翻錯"一事缺乏論述？
→ rangertsao:我至少提出了我為什麼認為原po沒翻錯的相關論述
→ rangertsao:而率先質疑的ss你的論述在哪裡？
推 geosys:推
→ RaynorTu:再翻一篇啊
推 ronray7799:一大早就這麼熱鬧
推 roy0204758:有他在才能這麼熱鬧啊  XD
推 fetoyeh:好熱鬧
推 chuckbrown:push
→ swatteam:怎麼聽起來像是某島津家很喜歡搞得那招 XD
推 hengyen:變成翻譯版了...科科
推 bitegod0921:有他在的他是誰?
推 Swallow43:推
推 darkdog0430:推推~~~~~
推 j73596:對英文苦手的人來說 最好請ss再翻一篇 好讓大家自行比較
推 xuebai:我越來越期待每天的戰史版了
推 slcgboy:那個每天早晚一槍 翻遍椰子樹都找不到的 是仔麼解決的
推 GroundWalker:我看起來是感覺有些地方是稍微有翻錯
→ GroundWalker:但並沒有影響到整體
→ ZMittermeyer:蔑視大日本帝國是本板主流，end.
→ ronray7799:                  世界
→ MOONRAKER:美軍對日本狙擊的評價Light早早就講過了。因為裝藥少、
→ MOONRAKER:槍管長，所以很難偵測；上樹就不會relocate是最大敗筆
→ MOONRAKER:不過跟某些人講這些沒用。氯酸來了，大家快逃～
推 swpoker:樓上~日本根本就不打算下來阿
推 LCAC:阿某新參者不是說以後不來了 怎麼還這麼愛來抬槓?
→ LCAC:再說要抬槓也不要這樣破碎回文吧......有夠傷眼睛
推 wucn:某兩人本日戰力比日軍狙擊手還薄弱
推 Tzwei:每兩天拿出新的東西來討論很棒阿 總比拿東西戰還戰不起來好
推 hsinhanchu:早一槍晚一槍指的豈不就是某人的行為
推 roy0204758:反正某人愛魯笅 我們也看得開心啊
→ Mystiera:果然早一槍晚一槍偏偏打不到人XDXD
推 nightkid:狙擊手: 我這叫製造恐懼你不懂
推 roy0204758:反正也打不中  倒是可以提醒美軍該吃早餐  該吃晚餐了
→ sPz101:這就要怪太平洋地區的樹為何都無法負荷一梃92式重狙擊槍了
→ sPz101:否則或許可以打很準的
推 LUDWIN:讓我想到瓜達康那爾的五點下班轟炸XD
推 ian41360:SS又出現了XDD
推 valepiy:英文這麼強 怎麼自己不翻一篇出來啊?
→ MOONRAKER:…原來那個打不準的狙擊手笑話是這樣來的。
推 Zsanou:推!
→ kau76901:我聽信了ss的話，很興奮地跑去搜尋了昭和15年步兵操典，
→ kau76901:結果也許是我無法參透天機，看完了整本書後，竟無一節是
→ kau76901:講到狙擊手的運用與戰術等方面之條目......
→ kau76901:http://www.warbirds.jp/sudo/infantry/souten_index.htm
→ kau76901:<<<昭和15年步兵操典，日文全文附上插圖的電子板連結
→ ss59418ss:你有點進去看嗎？第二篇裡就提到好多條了（如第122條）
→ ss59418ss:更早期的狙擊戰術概念→http://goo.gl/hCEri
推 Swallow43:我論有人不懂日文與翻譯軍語之可能性..........
推 Swallow43:只能說，自己看不懂或沒看完的東西別拿出來打自己臉比較
→ Swallow43:好，拿了個不是日軍教範的東西出來討論日軍的狙擊...
→ ss59418ss:你又要說這不叫做狙擊手？你懂日文的話看一下34條講啥吧
→ ss59418ss:不是日軍的東西？你真的有仔細看它在寫啥嗎...
推 Swallow43:赤軍教育部給樓上按個讚
→ Swallow43:閣下所引用的是"蘇聯紅軍的步兵班排及火力班戰鬥教令"
→ ss59418ss:就說參考教案（抄）了...上面寫的是戰術概念又不是操典
→ Swallow43:1932年版的...日文版...日軍翻譯的應該算日軍的東西吧XD
推 roy0204758:基本上他是在提醒我們離下班不遠  該去吃飯了
推 windpeter:最近高仔天天被釣出來XD
推 roy0204758:那.........那很好啊XD
→ ss59418ss:貼那篇教案也是要提醒原po日軍就沒狙擊分隊，別期待操典
→ ss59418ss:裡面有專節，但這不代表日軍沒狙擊戰術（步兵分隊），平
→ ss59418ss:常操課狙擊手跟步槍兵也有分開的射擊課（步兵上槍劍術）
推 Hartmann:推
推 qlz:推翻譯
推 defenser:最後那句高層遜斃了實在中肯
推 chienjr:推
→ sneak: 最後那句高層遜斃了實在 https://muxiv.com
→ sneak: 推 https://daxiv.com