Re: [討論] 日本狙擊手的戰術，1942菲律賓與所羅門

[fw190a (las)]

翻譯上的確有很多失真的地方，不過本來翻得多就容易錯的多，
或是為了加快速度加入一些個人臆測以求直覺順口，
下面找出一些我看到有偏離原文意思的地方，有的真的會讓人產生誤解，
有些地方則不太嚴重，單純順便提出來。

: As in every other campaign in the Far East, the principal tactics used by the
: Japanese centered on their ability to infiltrate. The actual infiltrations
: were usually carried out at night. The Japanese would work their way forward
: in small parties through gaps, around flanks, and even through the front
: lines. They would remain quiet during the following day, and on the next
: night more troops would infiltrate the American position until there was a
: sufficiently strong force actually in or behind the American lines to launch
: a small attack. In these infiltration tactics the Japanese were capitalizing
: on the initiative and "fanaticism" of the individual soldier.
: 在遠東戰場上，日軍最主流的戰術思想是滲透戰法。日軍通常挑選夜間滲透我們，並且會
: 試圖分散成小集團繞過我們的側翼、甚至溜進戰線之間。他們在滲透過程中絕不發出聲音
分成小集團穿越缺口，繞過側翼，甚至穿過前線
: ，甚至可以在白天完全潛伏，等待隔天夜裡更多的日軍部隊滲透進來，直到他們確定數量
: 上足夠淹沒美軍陣地時，才會發起小規模的攻勢。日軍賴以實施這種滲透戰術的秘訣，在
原文只說數量足以發動小攻擊，並沒有說足夠淹沒陣地
: 於灌輸至最基層士兵的狂熱鬥志。
士兵的狂熱鬥志與"主動性"

: American officers seem to agree that this "fanaticism" manifests itself
: particularly in lack of fear of death. As one officer puts it, "they will do
: things that they know will cost them their lives; for example, throw
: themselves on wire so that the following troops may pass over their bodies,
: or destroy tank mines by deliberately walking on them." In actual battle they
: are ferocious fighters. They very rarely surrender, because they fear what
: their captors will do to them and because they believe that if they die they
: go to Heaven and their families are honored. They also believe that if they
: surrender and are later retaken by their own troops, their families will be
: disgraced and they themselves will be punished. Even when surrounded,
: individual groups and soldiers will continue to fight on. One occasion has
: been reported when U.S. forces surrounded about 2,000 Japanese behind the
: American lines; about 200 got away, but the rest fought so savagely, refusing
: to surrender, that only about 50 were left to be captured. Many Japanese will
: even go so far as to commit suicide rather than be taken prisoner.
: 美國軍官們認為這種狂熱最主要反映在日軍不畏死亡此一事實上。這些日本人總是喜歡去
: 作一些會丟掉自己老命的戰法，舉例來說，他們會撲倒在鐵絲網上讓後續部隊通過而不是
: 剪斷它、他們會抱著反坦克地雷衝向坦克而不是埋了它。在實戰中他們是狂熱的戰士，很
原文只說他們會撲到網上，並沒有說"寧願撲上去而不剪斷它"。
反坦克地雷那邊是說，刻意走上反坦克地雷來"除雷"。

: 少投降，這是因為他們認為被俘會使他們的家人丟臉，甚至是連一時投降等待時機被友軍
: 救出，也不允許。就算被切割包圍，日軍的小集團單位還是會奮戰至死。一個案例是我軍
原文沒有"一時投降等待時機"
只是講:他們認為，若投降了以後，被友軍救回，會讓家人蒙羞與(自身)受懲罰

: 包圍了兩千名滲透進戰線後方的日本兵，其中約有200人成功逃出生天，但剩下的大多數
: 都瘋狂戰鬥，拒絕投降，到最後我們只俘虜了五十人。日本兵大多數都寧可自殺而不願被
: 俘。
原文用:many...even go so far，是講"許多"甚至會自殺而不願受服俘
應該不到"大多數"
: Another instance of the excellent fighting qualities of the individual
: Japanese soldier was illustrated in the extensive use of snipers. Apparently
: the members of the sniper corps were a picked group, for their marksmanship
: was extremely good, and they had been provided with special clothing.
: 另一個展現日本單兵素質的地方，是在於日軍在攻勢中會非常積極地運用狙擊手。日本狙
: 擊手是經過精挑細選，槍法精良，而且有相當良好的偽裝服。
extensive use，翻成廣泛/大量使用或許比較接近

: Climbing a tree, the sniper would hide in the foliage after tying himself to
: the tree with vines or rope. There he would wait patiently for a suitable
: target. These snipers apparently had instructions to concentrate on the
: American officers, for often they would let a whole detachment of Filipino or
: American enlisted men go by in order to wait for a shot at an officer. The
: snipers employed the regular .25 caliber rifle of the ground troops, using
: powder which gave no flash, no smoke, and "a report not much louder than that
: of a B-B gun."
: 日本狙擊手通常會爬到樹上，而且用繩索或樹藤把自己固定住。他們會耐心等待高價值目
: 標才開火，特別是在菲律賓他們會專挑軍官與士官幹部打。這些狙擊手配備了.25口徑的
: 狙擊槍（6.5mm的九七式）、而且這種槍沒有槍口火光、沒有煙霧、聲音甚至不會比BB槍
: 更大。
他們使用與其它地面部隊一樣的，一般的.25口徑步槍，但使用了無煙無閃光的火藥，
根據回報聲音不比BB槍大。

: The Japanese had a novel method of serving their light machine gun. One man
: served as the mount, the second man was gunner. They would both drop to the
: ground and as soon as they had finished a clip, they would roll over, crawl
: away about 10 or more yards and then open up on the same targets. This had
: the effect of confusing the American and Filipino troops as to the exact
: position of the enemy, sometimes leading them to believe that there were two
: or more machine guns operating against them. The gun used was not a tommy
: gun, as many thought, but simply the Nambu light .25 caliber machine gun.
: 值得一提的是日本人運用輕機槍的戰術。日本輕機槍是兩人一小組，當他們裝填新的彈匣
: 時，會挾著機關槍在地上翻滾個差不多十碼左右，然後從新的位置開火。這使得美軍與菲
翻滾後爬行十多碼，然後對同一個目標重新開火
: 軍部隊經常會誤以為日軍有好幾挺機槍在同時開火、誤判形勢。日本人使用南部製造的
: .25口徑輕機槍。（6.5mm的歪把子）
: ＊＊＊＊＊
: 基本上在菲律賓戰役期間，美軍完全喪失了空優與制海權，頭上有日本飛機掃射、海上有
: 艦砲岸轟，因此在這裡日軍是罕見地扮演攻方、而非守方。
: 但是日軍在攻勢中運用狙擊手的方式，其實與守勢時相差無幾，他們會遠離主力部隊，嘗
: 試滲透到戰線兩翼去，然後躲藏起來等待高價值目標接近、加以射殺。
: 在看完了日軍擔任攻方的戰術後，我們來看看日軍擔任守方時的戰術。

: 1942年10月22日，美國陸戰隊向戰爭部所作之報告：
: ＜所羅門群島地區的日軍防禦戰術＞
: "The flanks of Japanese positions and weapon emplacements were covered by
: snipers. Snipers were concealed in the tops of palm trees and were not
: detected until they opened fire, despite careful observation of tree tops.
: The Browning automatic rifle proved to be an excellent weapon for dealing
: with snipers.”
: 日軍通常使用狙擊手來掩護他們的陣地側翼。日本狙擊手通常會躲藏在樹頂，而且偽裝的
: 極佳，不管我軍再怎麼仔細偵查，通常在他們開火以前是找不到的。但是使用BAR自動步
: 槍，就可以很完美地解決掉這些狙擊手。
BAR被證明了是對付這些狙擊手的完美武器。
("完美的解決"有點像對方沒法反抗就被解決?!)
: "Fighting took place at ranges of 50 to 100 yards.”
: 這一地區的戰鬥通常在50~100碼以內開打。
: "When questioned about the lack of prisoners, a U.S. officer said that
: apparently a great deal of propaganda had been spread among the Japanese
: soldiers about the horrible things that would happen to prisoners.”
: 根據我方軍官對日本戰俘的訊問，認為日本降兵會如此之少的原因，是因為他們的恐嚇宣
: 傳非常之有效。
原文是說，當被問到為什麼戰俘這麼少時，美軍軍官回答:
: "Naval gunfire and dive-bombing was still going on when the initial wave
: landed. No fire was received by this first wave, as all the Japanese had
: taken cover. After cessation of naval gun fire and bombing, the Japanese
: began firing from dugouts on the island and fire was received from an
: adjacent island.”
: 當我軍第一波部隊在艦砲與俯衝轟炸機的掩護下登陸時，日本人都躲進掩體裡了，不對我
: 們的第一波部隊開火。但在支援砲火停止後，日本人就回到陣地裡開始攻擊。
: "The first wave tossed grenades into the entrance to the dugouts that they
: passed. Although the grenades exploded within the entrance, it was later
: found that they were ineffective due to the type of entryway. Enemy troops
: fired from dugouts on the rear of the first wave and into the second and
: third waves, aided by snipers in the tops of coconut trees.
: 雖然我軍先鋒嘗試突入壕溝投擲手榴彈，但是稍後被證明這種攻擊對抗日本人精良的工事
對抗日本人有特別設計的工事入口，是無效的
: 是沒效的。未被肅清的敵軍，透過躲在樹上的狙擊手支援，在我軍每一波登陸波次之間進
: 行偷襲。
: “One sniper shot down from a tree had coconuts hung around his neck to help
: conceal him. One sniper in a palm tree had protected himself with armor plate.
: ”
: 一個日本狙擊手被我們打下樹，但是他用椰子殼製成的護頸保住了性命。另一個我們幹掉
: 的狙擊手，則被發現他身上穿著鐵甲。
椰子殼護頸是幫助匿蹤
(說不定只是他吃完不敢丟地上...)
: "Japanese marksmanship was characterized as poor and not very dangerous if
: one kept moving and avoided lying in the open.”
: 日本人的槍法極其差勁，只要你不斷移動並且避免在開闊地臥倒，就毫無威脅性。
"極其差勁"和"毫無威脅"基本上都把原文的意思又更加誇飾了
: "It was emphasized that no flash, smoke or muzzle blast was visible from
: Japanese weapons”
: 日本人的槍砲之槍口燄、噴煙與閃光非常難以發現。
: "The Japanese snipers paid particular attention to picking off officers and
: noncommissioned officers whose exterior garments carried insignia or markings
: indicating their rank."
: 日本狙擊手特別喜歡挑我軍的軍官、士官幹部下手。這可能是因為他們懂得判讀我方的軍
: 階與識別章紀。
日本狙擊手會特別挑衣物上有標明軍階的軍士官下手。

: 以下是來自於陸戰隊士兵個人的手記、家書或回憶錄的內容。
: "Individually, he is a good soldier; in fact, an excellent one. They very,
: very seldom give up but will fight until killed, even after being badly
: wounded. Of a force of well over 700 that we wiped out, we were only able to
: take 34 prisoners, and 33 of them were so badly wounded that they couldn't do
: anything. We asked each one if they had been told that they would be killed
: if captured and they said "No," but that they expected to be. All insisted
: that they would never be able to return to Japan, so that probably is the
: answer.
: 個人以為那幫日本兵是厲害的傢伙，事實上，非常卓越。這些人除非戰死或身負重傷，否
: 則不會放棄抵抗。我們殲滅了一支七百人的日軍單位，但是只抓到34個戰俘，其中有33個
: 是已經失能的重傷患。我們詢問他們是否有宣傳說會被我們殺掉，雖然他們否認有宣傳，
: 但都自認會被我們殺掉。這些人都說這下再也沒臉回日本去了，這或許就是答案吧。
never be able，只有認為"再也回不去"之意
: "Each Jap carried a camouflage net made of mesh with wood-fiber strands, and
: it is actually impossible to see them at 50 yards if they lie still with it
: on.”
: 那些小日本都用當地的草木泥巴做成了非常好的迷彩偽裝，所以他們在臥倒時，除非靠近
: 到50碼內否則完全認不出來。
每個日本兵帶了一個由木纖維束網格構成的偽裝網，所以如果他們臥倒，在50碼處是
不可能看出他們的。

: "As you have been told before, they are great on sniping. After our initial
: landing, and after they had taken to the mountains, they worried us quite a
: bit, as they would slip in at night (or hide out during the day) and do a lot
: of firing. For two nights we actually had them running around inside
: Regimental Headquarters lines. As it was as dark as pitch we couldn't fire
: and they would outrun our boys. We had one sniper near our galley that would
: take one shot of a morning and one in the evening. We combed the fields and
: the coconut trees but we never found him. I am glad to say that he was a damn
: poor shot and he didn't get anyone before he finally beat it.”
: 就像我們事前被告知的一樣，那些日本人超愛狙擊。在第一波登陸後，他們佔領了山丘，
的確從這段無法判定應翻作擅常或喜愛狙擊
: 並且對我軍造成了一點小困擾，這群人會在晚上溜掉（或在白天避開我們），然後拼命開
: 火。甚至有兩次，日本狙擊手在晚上跑進了我們的團指揮所裡，那實在是夜色暗到我們的
: 弟兄看不清這幫人身影。我們這防區還有個日本狙擊手，他總是每天在早上和晚上各開一
: 槍；我們翻遍了戰場上所有的椰子樹可偏偏就是找不到這傢伙。我得很榮幸的說，感謝這
glad是高興，用到榮幸比較怪
: 傢伙他媽爛到爆的槍法，在他被解決以前我們之中沒有任何一個弟兄中彈。
: "In my opinion it boils down to this. The Japs are excellent individual
: soldiers but their headwork is very poor.”
: 依我看，那些日本兵打得非常好，但指揮他們的高層實在是遜斃了。
: ＊＊＊＊＊
: 與陸軍在菲律賓的經驗相比，最大的差別就是美國陸戰隊眼中的日本狙擊手普遍槍法很遜
: 。這可能是因為相對於拘泥於一次大戰線式戰術思想的美國陸軍，陸戰隊帶有更積極攻勢
: 的教範色彩，鼓勵步兵在戰場上採取運動而非陣地戰方式戰鬥，結果日本狙擊手在射擊移
: 動目標時的命中率就大幅下降了。

關於原po提出的推論，"一次大戰線式戰術"基本上是戰略面的，和步兵行動沒啥關係，
而且延用並發揚一次大戰戰術的應該是日軍的人海衝鋒。
陣地戰(我假設你想表達的是注重利用掩護進行射擊)一直是步兵作戰的一個有利型式，
進行機動是為了推進，兩者是相輔相成，應該不是兩種戰術。

不過要說海陸進攻較猛，一直動來動去(搶灘不動就完了)，讓狙擊手效率降低，應該也
沒錯。

: 另一方面，陸戰隊也比他們的陸軍弟兄更有自信，他們在發現日軍狙擊手後會懂得使用自
: 動武器集火將之射殺，而非束手無策。盡管日軍喜歡在近距離挑起戰鬥，但配備了大量衝
: 鋒槍、自動步槍、卡賓槍與火燄放射器的陸戰隊，其實在近距離的戰鬥中更是穩操勝券。
若單從BAR很適合對付狙擊手一段推論出一般陸軍束手無策，海陸才會用自動武器，
有點怪。


--
※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) 
◆ From: 118.168.243.111
→ tenweli:誤解度不大，至少沒有偏離主題..
推 darkdog0430:推
推 kau76901:感謝補充與糾正，我受益甚多！若能拋磚引玉，實感榮幸！
推 chienjr:推
推 kingsmill:椰子那段似乎不是椰子殼，那老兄直接把椰子掛在脖子上做
→ kingsmill:偽裝了。。。
→ ggeneration:樓上你誤會他了  那東西附帶水壺的功用阿