F 自由
The first and most profound misunderstandig people can have about Wikipedia
comes from its subtitle: the free encyclopedia.
人們對於維基百科最首要以及最深刻的誤解，來自它的小標題：自由的百科全書
‘Free’ can mean practically everything. Joachim Gauck, the 2010
presidential candidate in Germany, speaks about the ‘freedom concept of the
pubescent’ when someone believes that freedom means ‘I can do anything I
want’. In fact, we frequently meet people who complain that ‘their’
article has been deleted, and they wonder how that can happen in a ‘free’
encyclopedia.
「Free」實際上意味著一切。 Joachim Gauck，2010年德國聯邦的總統候選人，他說道：
當有人信仰自由是「只要我想做有甚麼不可以」的時候，自由的概念仍是一名青春期的少
年。事實上，我們頻繁的接觸到人們的抱怨：「他們的」文章被刪除了，他們並不預期在
一個「自由的」百科全書發生這樣的事。
In Wikipedia, ‘free’ relates to the concept of ‘free content‘, coming
from the movement for ‘free and open source software’. Sometimes it is
presented as an alternative to copyright; seen from the more European concept
of Urheberrecht (rights of the author), it is more of an option. The author
can allow that his work can be copied, spread and altered, and as it is the
wish of the author, the courts take ‘free content’ serious.
在維基百科內，自由意指「自由內容」，此意源自於「自由暨開放源碼軟體」運動。有時
候這代表版權的一種選擇：從歐洲版權所有的概念(作者的權利)觀之，它更代表選擇的一
種。該作者能夠允許他的勞動成果被複製、散佈、再修改，並且一如作者期望的，派生作
品也是自由內容。
In ancient times and the middle ages, immaterial rights where largely
unknown. Someone could possess a book, and it was a crime to steal that book,
but usually nobody cared if another one copied the book. Especially in the
case of an encyclopedia, the writers saw themselves as sedulous bees, as
craftsmen and compilers, passing old and proven book knowledge to the next
generations. [1]
在古代以及中世紀，無形的權利是被忽視的。某人可以具體地擁有一本書，而偷一本書是
犯罪行為，但是沒有人會介意另一個人去複印那本書。由其是百科全書，百科全書的作者
視己如孜孜不倦辛勤工作的蜜蜂，又如工匠或編譯者，透過(抄錄)書籍將知識傳遞給下一
代人。
Some essential things changed during the late middle ages and beyond.
Knowledge could become dated because of experiments; the quantity of
knowledge exploded and needed reduction to comprehensive summaries; authors
claimed originality and were no longer too modest to publish under their own
name. And, even it took a long time, the production of books became cheaper.
In the middle ages, an encyclopedia existed usually in some hundred (hand
written) copies, in the 18th century it were some thousand copies, and after
that ten thousands or even more.
但在中世紀的晚期以及之後，一些事情發生本質上的變化。 由於實驗，知識可以過時；
知識數量爆炸且需要將之刪減成為統整性的結論；作者們宣稱原創且不再吝於以自己的
名號出版。而且，經過很長的時間，製作書籍的成本降低了，一部百科全書有上百份
(手抄)副本，在18世紀達到上千份，而之後是數萬或者更多。
In the 19th century, it was no longer possible to write an encyclopedia by
pure plagiarism, also thanks to modern copyright. Texts and pictures became ‘
unfree’, as some of the activists for ‘free content’ might say.
Information itself remained much more difficult to ‘protect’, everyone is
free to say that Mount Everest is 8848 meters high and that Buenos Aires has
2.7 million inhabitants.
在19世紀，不可能再藉由純粹的抄寫而寫出一部百科全書，這要感謝現代的版權觀念。一
些積極的自由內容運動份子也許會這麼宣稱，文字與圖片成為「不自由的」。資訊本身仍
是難以「被保護」的，人人都可以自由地說聖母峰高8848公尺，而布宜諾斯艾利斯有270
萬人。
Free content: Margarita Philosophica (1503)<插圖文字>
Also for Wikipedians it is difficult to tell exactly what they are allowed
and what not, or what is suitable to do. There are texts and pictures that
became free because of old age, for example previous editions of Britannica
and Meyer. The English and German language Wikipedians were not always
enthusiast about e.g. Britannica articles of 1911 – it took a lot of time to
make them a little bit up to date.
所以對於維基人來說，難以明確的說甚麼是允許的而甚麼不被允許，或甚麼事是適合的。
現存許多文字與圖片已然成為自由的，因為它們夠老，舉例來說前幾版的大英百科和
Meyer就是如此。但是英文、德文維基人不全然樂於接受1911年版的大英百科文章─ 因為
要更新它的一點點內容就曠日廢時。
In summer 2009, the case of the London National Portrait Gallery (NPG) was
hotly discussed. An American Wikipedian, Derrick Coetzee, took for about
3,300 pictures from the NPG’s website and uploaded them to Wikimedia
Commons. The pictures were free because their age, but NPG complained at
Wikimedia Foundation. NPG had paid more than a million pound to scan the
pictures and wanted to make money with high-resolution versions (the pictures
on the website were presented originally in a way that made downloading and
copying difficult). In Britain it is possible that a database is protected by
copyright, NPG said, but WMF answered that the comparison to a database does
not work.
在2009年的夏天，人們熱烈討論倫敦國家肖像畫廊(NPG)的案例。一名美國維基人，
Derrick Coetzee，從NPG的網站取得了大約3300幅圖片並將之上傳到維基共享網站。這些
圖片因為年代久遠，它們是自由的，但是NPG仍向維基媒體基金會有所抱怨。NPG花費超過
一百萬英鎊掃描了圖片並且打算藉由高解析度的圖片獲取收益(NPG網站上展示的圖片難以
下載和複製)。NPG聲稱，在英國，一個資料庫有可能被版權所保護。但是維基媒體基金會
則反對版權適用於該資料庫。
One year later, Wikipedian Liam Wyatt asked on his blog: ‘ Who would you
least expect to attend GLAMWIKI-UK?’ Indeed: the head of rights &
reproductions at the National Portrait Gallery, Mr. Tom Morgan. After Mr.
Morgans presentation ‘Wikipedia and the National Portrait Gallery – A bad
first date?’, Liam Wyatt had a nice conversation with him. Their
disagreement on some legal principles remained, but Liam Wyatt described the
atmosphere with a quote from a tv show: ‘You can happily question our
methods, we do that all the time, but don’t question our motives’.
在一年之後，維基人 Liam Wyatt在他的網誌中自問自答：誰是英國維基媒體協會會議
活動最意外的嘉賓？ 是倫敦國家肖像畫廊的權利代表，湯姆摩根先生。在摩根先生
進行「維基百科與國家肖像畫廊有一次糟透的初遇」簡報過後，兩人有過一段愉快交談。
他形容彼此之間在法律原則仍存有歧異，但他引用電視節目的一句話來形容見面氣氛：
You can happily question our methods, we do that all the time,
but don’t question our motives’.
—–
Previously: A as in Advertisement, B as in Balance, C as in Cooperations, D
as in Deletions,E as in Encyclopedia
—–
[1] Robert Luff: Wissensvermittlung im europäischen Mittelalter. ‘Imago
mundi’-Werke und ihre Prologe. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1999, p. 414.
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