Hippocrates (c.460-377 BC) Hippocrates (c.460-377 BC)
Physician, known as "the father of medicine", and associated with the medical
profession's Hippocratic oath, born on the island of Cos, Greece. The most
celebrated physician of antiquity, he gathered together all that was sound
in the previous history of medicine. A collection of 70 works, the Hippocratic
corpus, has been ascribed to him, but very few were written by him, it being
more likely that they formed a library at a medical school.
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From Wilder Penfield's The Mystery of the Mind:
"Hippocrates, the Father of Scientific Medicine, began to teach in fifth
century B.C. on the little Greeek island of Cos. In that time, philosophers
such as Empedocles and Democritus were proclaiming each his own explanation
of the universe and the nature of man. Hippocrates defied what he called
the 'unproven hypotheses' of the philosophers, and declared that only the
study and observation of nature and of man would point the way to truth.
"He studied man in health and in disease, making of medicine a science
and an art. But he saw in man something beyond any discovery that can be made
elsewhere in nature, and thus added a moral code, a religion of medical
service. In the oath that he required of his disciples there were such
phrases as this: 'I will use treatment to help the sick according to my
ability and judgement, but never with a view to injury or wrongdoing. . . .
I will keep pure and holy both my life and my art.' Thus, he recognized
the moral and the spiritual as well as the physical and the material.
"Hippocrates left behind him only a single discussion of the function
of the brain and the nature of consciousness. It was included in a lecture
delivered to an audience of medical men on epilepsia, the afflication that
we still call epilepsy. Here is an excerpt from this lecture, this amazing
flash of understanding: 'Some people say that the heart is the organ with
which we think and that it feels pain and anxiety. But it is not so.
Men ought know that from the brain and from the brain only arise our
pleasures, joys, laughter and tears. Through it, in particular, we think, see,
hear and distinguish the ugly from the beautiful, the bad from the good,
the pleasant from the unpleasant. . . . To consciousness the brain is
messenger.' And again, he said: 'The brain is the interpreter of consciousness.
' In another part of his discussion he remarked, simply and accurately,
that epilepsy comes from the brain 'when it is not normal.'
"Actually, his discussion constitutes the finest treatise on the brain
and the mind that was to appear in medical literature until well after the
discovery of electricity. It was the evidence of conduction of the brain's
energy along the nerves of animals led to the discovery of electricity itself.
"In retrospect, it is abundantly clear that Hippocrates came to his
conclusions by listening to epileptic patients when they told him their
stories, and by watching them during epileptic seiqures. The reader will
come to understand, in the pages that follow, that epilepsia still has
secrets to reveal. She has much to teach us if we will only listen.
"Some of the notes that Hippocrates made after examining his patients were
copied and recopied through the centuries. They are models of brevity and
insight. Epileptic patients of a certain type, not infrequently, re-live some
previous experience in which they see, perhaps, and hear what they have seen
and heard at an earlier time in their lives. Realizing, as Hippocrates did,
that 'epilepsy comes from the brain "when it is not normal,"' he must have
guessed the truth- that the engram of experience is a structured record within
the brain."
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只有在獨處之後，才會真正謙虛。
因為真正瞭解，剝除了那些表面繁華，
自己原來有多麼不堪挖掘。 ----楊照
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