道德的客觀主義
相信道德原則普遍有效但是否認道德條目為必要被條例出來
W. Ross -Prima facie Principles (初步義務理論)
" Prima facie duty " & " Duty at first glance " are only PARTI-RESULTANT
PROPERTY ; it's not a TOTI-RESULTANT PROPERTY
Prima facie duty : fidelity , reparation , gratitude , justice ,
beneficence , self-improvement , normaleficence
Candidates of objective moral set
-Not to kill innocent people
-Not to cause unnecessary pain or suffering
-Not to steal or cheat
-…………….etc…..
Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE 雙重效果理論)
Action 1.the nature of the action(行為天性須是good action)
Effect(效應) 2.the means-end(不可以用好結果合理壞效應)
Consequence(結果) 3.the right motive(正確動機)
Motive 4.the proportionality(good end is bigger than bad end)
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four conditions
Use of DDE
1. 區分行動消極&積極
2. 區分責任
Problem of DDE
-Ex:Torture an innocent person to save the world
-Ex:Watching TV for fun but kill the world
(很特殊的舉例...)
Moral Objection
1. 客觀有效的道德法則符合個人需求 , 提升個人利益(道德主觀主義說法 : 不一定提升
個人利益)
2. 有些道德原則符合個人需求 , 提升個人利益
3.因此有些道德原則是客觀有效的!