精華區beta BeautySalon 關於我們 聯絡資訊
這篇文主要節錄於International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2015, 37, 2–30 這篇文獻做大略上的翻譯,我想除了關注各別成分的防曬能力,對於過往這些成分造成 的問題可能要更為重要,畢竟 "先研究不傷身體,再講究效果" 嘛! 雖然每個成分多少都有過敏病例發生,但相對那些高致敏性的成份,還是比較安全 的,另外也需考慮肌膚的健康度、配方的適當性以及個人體質等等,所以也不需因有幾 例的過敏而恐慌,重點還是選擇相對安全的成份,若發生問題時,再尋求醫師協助。 網頁好讀版: http://tinyurl.com/o2qu264 以下正文開始.... 化學性防曬成分可以根據他們的吸收波長範圍大略分為UVA filter和UVB filter,這些 成分大都是帶有C=O共軛雙鍵的苯環,他們的吸收範圍和能力都因接的官能基不同而不一樣 。[1] 由於新推出的防曬成分和科學上的研究結果,所以在過去20年所使用的成份一直在改 變。作者為了瞭解在德國2013和2014年最常使用的防曬成分,特地從市面上比較了178個 防曬產品,137個保養品(乳液、護手霜、彩妝)和47個具防曬功能的護唇產品。並將這些 成分根據他們的分子結構分為以下8類: http://imgur.com/Z6L4yEe 二苯甲醯甲烷類 Dibenzoylmethane derivatives 在德國,Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM,Avobenzone)是最常見的UVA filter,他存在於大部分的化妝品和80%的防曬產品中。BMDBM取代了在1993年停產的高致 敏性的4-isopropyl dibenzoylmethae (I-DBM),但可惜的是BMDBM本身也有致敏性。 [2,3] http://imgur.com/m4qeGU0 當BMDBM和ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) 合用時,很容易造成光裂解 (photodegradation),裂解的產物可能會引起過敏[4],不過可以藉由配方的調整,例如 加入octocrylene (OCR)或封裝技術(encapsulation)來降低光裂解的發生。[5-8] 二苯基甲酮類 Benzophenone derivates Benzophenone-3 (BP-3)和 benzophenone-4 (BP-4)是歐盟認可的防曬成分,具優異 的光穩定性和廣譜性,吸收範圍涵蓋UVA和UVB。[9, 10]因此,他們不但被加在防曬產品 和不同的保養品裡,還使用在塑膠和塗料裡頭來防止光造成的脆化,不過要注意的是,這 需要2個成份合用才有防護UVA的效果。另外,有研究指出,BP-3會進入人皮膚,這是非常 重要的發現,因為BP-3會影響我們的內分泌,在尿液和母乳中也都曾發現它的存在 [11-13]。此外,BP-3和BP-4也有過敏案例發生[14-17],所以在德國已經不太用這2個成 份了。 對氨基苯甲酸類 p-Aminobenzoate derivates 4-aminobenzonic acid (PABA)是 UVB filter,是最早商業化和受歡迎的防曬成分 [18],但由於他的光敏性[19,20],在2008年時已被歐盟禁用。另一衍生物 ethylhexyl p-aminobenzonic acid (OD-PABA) 也慢慢被其他成分取代了。 水楊酸類 Salicylate derivates 此類代表性成分是 ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS)和 homosalate,是UVB filter。 水楊酸類通常都是弱 UVB吸收劑,主要是加在產品裡頭幫助其他的UVB filter。由於他們 不溶於水,所以有非常好的防水效果。他們通常沒什麼光敏性和致敏性[21,22],也不會 影響我們的內分泌[23, 24],EHS只有一點點進入皮膚的能力[25],加上他的光穩定性, 所以很多產品都會加。 另一衍生物triethanolamine salicylate是水溶性的UV吸收劑,時常加在髮用產品裡 頭。 樟腦類 Camphor derivates 3-benzylidene (3-BC)和 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC)曾經是非常受歡迎 的UVB filter[26],因為他們有優異的光穩定性。1994年,30%的防曬產品裡頭都有 4-MBC[27],即使10年後,在2004到2006年,4-MBC依然是主要的防曬成分[28]。但在過去 7年,由於樟腦類可能會影響人體[29-31]而飽受批評,來自各方團體的壓力,例如: Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF)和German Friends of the Earth (BUND) ,迫使3-BC和4-MBC幾乎在德國全面停用了。 Terephthalylidene dicamphor sulphonic acid (TDSA, Mexoryl SX)是UVA filter ,由萊雅在1982年所開發的專利成分。1991年歐盟認可為化妝品成分,2006年也得到FDA 認可。TDSA展現出絕佳的防護UVA效果,例如:預防曬黑、減少皮膚水份蒸發和維持肌膚彈 性[32-34]。此外,TDSA有很好的光穩定性且不會進入皮膚[35]。 肉桂酸類 Cinnamate derivates Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC, octinoxate)是非常受歡迎的UV filter,他 通常會和其他UVB filter 共用而獲得高SPF值。EHMC應避免和BMDBM合用,因為這會使他 們容易發生光裂解反應,除非藉由封裝(encapsulation)修飾,才能改善他們的光穩定性 [36,37]。EHMC被發現可能有雌激素活性(estrogenic activities)[38]且會經皮吸收[39] ,所以在德國,使用量減少得非常多,從1994年的65%防曬產品[27]下降到最近的15%,不 過保養品仍然使用非常頻繁。 Octocrylene (OCR)是UVB filter,由於他極高的光穩定性 (含幫其他成分光穩定, 尤其是BMDBM這小淘氣),在德國80%的防曬產品中都能見到他。幫BMDBM光穩定的理論是, 當受到光照射時,能量間的轉移可以發生在OCR和BMDBM的激發態(三重態),BMDBM的能量 轉移給OCR,使BMDBM沒有能量可以放出返回基態(單重態),所以可以得到穩定的激發態 BMDBM且不產生熱[40]。但由於OCR廣泛的應用,越來越多的證據顯示OCR已經發展成一常 見的光敏性成分[41-44]。 三嗪類 Triazones 最近,UV filter的開發都會參考500分子量理論[45](分子量超過500的分子,越大越 不易進入皮膚),讓防曬成分更有效也更安全。UVB filter ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) 和diethylhexyl butamido triazone (DEBT, isotrizinol, Uvasorb HEB),還有廣譜吸 收的UV filter bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT, bemotrizinol, Tinosorb S)都因為他們連接多個發色團(chromophoric groups)而使分子 量超過500。這些成分展現出高吸收係數,高效防護和高穩定性的功能[46, 47-49],所以 出現在很多的防曬產品或保養品當中,尤其是Tinosorb S,他還能改善其他成分在產品裡 頭的穩定性[47]。最近,tris-biphenyl triazine (Tinosorb A2B)被納入歐盟化妝品法 規認可的防曬成分清單[50],這是第一個粒子大小低於100nm被歐盟承認的防曬成分,他 具有易分散和廣譜吸收的優點,尤其有效吸收波長在290nm到340nm,橫跨UVB和UVA範圍, 有別於傳統的純UVB和UVA filter。他也是2005年以來,第一個新加入歐盟清單裡頭的防 曬成分。 苯並三唑類 Benzotriazoles 依據500分子量理論而開發的UV filter還有廣譜性的drometrizole trisiloxane (DTS, Mexoryl XL)和methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol(MBBT, Bisoctrizole, Tinosorb M)。因此,他們發生經皮吸收和光過敏反應的可能性都較少 [51,52]。Mexoryl XL是第一個提供UVB和UVA範圍保護的光穩定防曬成分,當和Mexoryl SX合用時,還能發揮1加1大於2的防護加乘效果[53]。Tinosorb M 製成化學性微細粒子 (organic microfine particles)型態,不但結合了物理性和化學性防曬成分的特性,具 有散射、反射和吸收紫外光功能,且能在水中分散,吸收範圍更從UVB、UVA-I到UVA-II ,擁有非常寬的廣譜性且很穩定[54,55]。 以下是參考資料,可以直接End.... 參考資料: 圖來源:International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2015, 37, 2–30 1. Bens, G. Sunscreens. In: Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer (Reichrath, J., ed.), pp. 137–161. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2008). 2. Bryden, A.M., Moseley, H., Ibbotson, S.H. et al. Photopatch testing of 1155 patients: results of the U.K. multicentre photopatch study group. Br. J. Dermatol. 155, 737–747 (2006). 3. Kerr, A.C., Ferguson, J., Haylett, A.K. et al. A european multicentre photopatch test study. Br. J. Dermatol. 166, 1002–1009 (2012). 4. Karlsson, I., Hillerstrom, L., Stenfeldt, A.L., Martensson, J. and Borje, A. Photodegradation of dibenzoylmethanes: potential cause of photocontact allergy to sunscreens. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 22, 1881–1892 (2009). 5. Herzog, B., Wehrle, M. and Quass, K. Photostability of UV absorber systems in sunscreens. Photochem. Photobiol. 85, 869–878 (2009). 6. Lhiaubet-Vallet, V., Marin, M., Jimenez, O., Gorchs, O., Trullas, C. and Miranda, M.A. Filter-filter interactions. Photostabilization, triplet quenching and reactivity with singlet oxygen. 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Simultaneous determination of the UV-filters benzyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octyl salicylate, homosalate, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor and 3-benzylidene camphor in human placental tissue by LC-MS/MS. Assessment of their in vitro endocrine activity. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 936, 80–87 (2013). 24. Morohoshi, K., Yamamoto, H., Kamata, R., Shiraishi, F., Koda, T. and Morita, M. Estrogenic activity of 37 components of commercial sunscreen lotions evaluated by in vitro assays. Toxicol. In Vitro 19, 457–469 (2005). 25. Chatelain, E., Gabard, B. and Surber, C. Skin penetration and sun protection factor of five UV filters: effect of the vehicle. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 16, 28–35 (2003). 26. Deflandre, A. and Lang, G. Photostability assessment of sunscreens. Benzylidene camphor and dibenzoylmethane derivatives. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 10, 53–62 (1988). 27. Schauder, S., Schrader, A. and Ippen, H. Gottinger Liste 1994 – Sonnenschutzkosmetik in Deutschland, 3rd edn, pp. 31–41. Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin (1994). 28. Schlumpf, M., Kypke, K., Wittassek, M. et al. Exposure patterns of UV filters, fragrances, parabens, phthalates, organochlor pesticides, PBDEs, and PCBs in human milk: correlation of UV filters with use of cosmetics. Chemosphere 81, 1171–1183 (2010). 29. Schlumpf, M., Cotton, B., Conscience, M., Haller, V., Steinmann, B. and Lichtensteiger, W. In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 239–244 (2001). 30. Krause, M., Klit, A., Blomberg Jensen, M. et al. Sunscreens: are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV-filters Int. J. Androl. 35, 424–436 (2012). 31. Kunz, P.Y., Galicia, H.F. and Fent, K. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity of UV filters in fish. Toxicol. Sci. 90, 349–361 (2006). 32. Seite, S., Moyal, D., Richard, S., de Rigal, J., Leveque, J.L., Hourseau, C. and Fourtanier, A. Mexoryl SX: a broad absorption UVA filter protects human skin from the effects of repeated suberythemal doses of UVA. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 44, 69–76 (1998). 33. Fourtanier, A., Moyal, D. and Seite, S. Sunscreens containing the broad-spectrum UVA absorber, Mexoryl SX, prevent the cutaneous detrimental effects of UV exposure: a review of clinical study results. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 24, 164–174 (2008). 34. Moyal, D. Prevention of ultraviolet-induced skin pigmentation. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 20, 243–247 (2004). 35. Benech-Kieffer, F., Meuling, W.J., Leclerc, C., Roza, L., Leclaire, J. and Nohynek, G. Percutaneous absorption of Mexoryl SX in human volunteers: comparison with in vitro data. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 16, 343– 355 (2003). 36. Trotta, V., Goios, F., Monteiro, H., Almeida, I.F. and Scalia, S. Influence of lipid microparticle encapsulation on in vitro efficacy, photostability and water resistance of the sunscreen agents, octyl methoxycinnamate and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 40, 1233–1239 (2014). 37. Perugini, P., Simeoni, S., Scalia, S., Genta, I., Modena, T., Conti, B. and Pavanetto, F. Effect of nanoparticle encapsulation on the photostability of the sunscreen agent, 2- ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate. Int. J. Pharm. 246, 37–45 (2002). 38. Axelstad, M., Boberg, J., Hougaard, K.S. et al. Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to the UV-filter octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) on the reproductive, auditory and neurological development of rat offspring. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 250, 278–290 (2011). 39. Janjua, N.R., Mogensen, B., Andersson, A.M., Petersen, J.H., Henriksen, M., Skakkebaek, N.E. and Wulf, H.C. Systemic absorption of the sunscreens benzophenone-3, octyl-methoxycinnamate, and 3-(4-methyl-benzylidene) camphor after whole-body topical application and reproductive hormone levels in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 123, 57–61 (2004). 40. Forestier, S. Rationale for sunscreen development. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58, 133–138 (2008). 41. Avenel-Audran, M., Dutartre, H., Goossens, A. et al. Octocrylene, an emerging photoallergen. Arch. Dermatol. 146, 753–757 (2010). 42. Karlsson, I., Vanden Broecke, K., Martensson,J., Goossens, A. and Borje, A. Clinical and experimental studies of octocrylene's allergenic potency. Contact Dermatitis 64, 343–352 (2011). 43. Travassos, A.R., Claes, L., Boey, L., Drieghe, J. and Goossens, A. Non-fragrance allergens in specific cosmetic products. Contact Dermatitis 65, 276–285 (2011). 44. Goncalo, M., Ferguson, J., Bonevalle, A. et al. Photopatch testing: recommendations for a European photopatch test baseline series. Contact Dermatitis 68, 239–243 (2013). 45. Bos, J.D. and Meinardi, M.M. The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs. Exp. Dermatol. 9, 165–169 (2000). 46. Shaath, N.A. Global developments in sun care ingredients. Cosmetics & Toiletries 121, 57 (2006). 47. Chatelain, E. and Gabard, B. Photostabilization of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter. Photochem. Photobiol. 74, 401–406 (2011). 48. L’alloret, F., Candau, D., Seite, S. et al. New combination of ultraviolet absorbers in an oily emollient increases sunscreen efficacy and photostability. Dermatol. Ther. (Heidelb.) 2, 4 (2012). 49. Couteau, C., Chauvet, C., Paparis, E. and Coiffard, L. UV filters, ingredients with a recognized anti-inflammatory effect. PLoS One 7, e46187 (2012). 50. European Parliament and Council, 2014. Regulation (EU) No 866/2014 of 8 August 2014 amending Annexes III, V and VI to Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and the Council on cosmetic products. 51. Durand, L., Habran, N., Henschel, V. and Amighi, K. In vitro evaluation of the cutaneous penetration of sprayable sunscreen emulsions with high concentrations of UV filters. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 31, 279–292 (2009). 52. Shaw, T., Simpson, B., Wilson, B., Oostman, H., Rainey, D. and Storrs, F. True photoallergy to sunscreens is rare despite popular belief. Dermatitis 21, 185–198 (2010). 53. Moyal, D. Prevention of ultraviolet-induced skin pigmentation. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 20, 243–247 (2004). 54. Herzog, B., Mongiat, S., Deshayes, C., Neuhaus, M., Sommer, K. and Mantler, A. In vivo and in vitro assessment of UVA protection by sunscreen formulations containing either butyl methoxy dibenzoyl methane, methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol, or microfine ZnO. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 24, 170–185 (2002). 55. Hojerova, J., Medovckova, A. and Mikula, M. Photoprotective efficacy and photostability of fifteen sunscreen products having the same label SPF subjected to natural sunlight. Int. J. Pharm. 408, 27–38 (2011). 56. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2015, 37, 2–30 -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc), 來自: 220.132.71.233 ※ 文章網址: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/BeautySalon/M.1432956022.A.B03.html
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Marchqoo02: 參考資料要不要刪掉 .好長...也不會去 101.11.40.124 05/30 14:02
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smilelovers: 碧o思最近真的非常令人抓狂。 140.112.53.240 05/30 15:22
amy86422000: 大力推,化學性防曬成分在高防曬能力 1.161.28.171 05/30 17:08
amy86422000: 背後對皮膚的疑慮這些知識在網路上很 1.161.28.171 05/30 17:39
amy86422000: 難找到比較正確的,這篇真的很重要! 1.161.28.171 05/30 17:39
jakechen1027: 之後會盡量找用Uvinul T150取代桂 61.230.47.173 05/30 18:06
jakechen1027: 皮酸鹽的防曬。看下來目前最沒有疑 61.230.47.173 05/30 18:06
jakechen1027: 慮的有理膚全護水感50(可是它真不 61.230.47.173 05/30 18:06
jakechen1027: 便宜啊) 61.230.47.173 05/30 18:06
EmiliaYi: 推!好專業!感覺長知識+1 42.71.17.75 05/30 19:10
Thank you all~ 你們的push是我發文的動力~ XD 沒錯,了解背後的道理也是保護自己的一個方式,看看食品業,倒楣的都是消費者阿~ 碰過幾個老闆,還是存在著cost down的思維阿,根本不會想把產品做好,因為他們也不 懂,只是覺得有利可圖就跳進來 = =
hwai01: 感謝分享! 122.118.12.186 05/30 20:14
sonata0823: 太難了看不懂 61.224.235.145 05/30 20:18
給你懶人包~ 選使用比例前幾名的成份,後面的不要有...done XD
smilelovers: 要不是無良廠商那麼多消費者也不會這 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:27
smilelovers: 麼類,什麼都要學著懂一些...說到這 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:27
smilelovers: 個,昨天跟某位專業人士請教一些小問 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:27
smilelovers: 題,想多了解一點,結果被說是不明就 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:27
smilelovers: 理的消費者,要懂就懂透徹,懂點皮毛 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:27
smilelovers: 只是更不明就理云云,超生氣又超無力 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:27
smilelovers: 的,如果大家好好做產品消費者需要這 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:27
smilelovers: 麼累嗎?又如果消費者懂的跟你一樣多 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:27
smilelovers: 那也可以當專家了啊… 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:27
smilelovers: 扯遠了,總之現況下真的很高興這個版 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:28
smilelovers: 上有越來越多這樣的資訊! 140.112.53.240 05/30 20:28
沒錯,政府姑息才造就無良廠商 郝叔叔也是專家ㄟ,經驗告訴我們,專家自己也會"記錯"很多事... ※ 編輯: antioxidant (220.132.71.233), 05/30/2015 20:43:16
jakechen1027: 我有看到樓上說的那篇,有同感 61.230.47.173 05/30 20:45
senaku: 好文給推 49.215.1.119 05/30 22:29
hanacandy: 我覺得看到不熟悉的一堆化學名詞就覺得 60.245.65.219 05/30 22:36
hanacandy: 很恐怖 也想開始努力了解成分 謝原po 60.245.65.219 05/30 22:36
hanacandy: 用心 60.245.65.219 05/30 22:36