唯識新引
《成唯識論》新解
唯識學會理事長張尚德講述
達摩書院副院長黃高証記錄
第三十八次
種子原始義(四)
《成唯識論》卷二
護法義
有義種子各有二類。
一者本有。謂無始來異熟識中法爾而有生蘊處界功能差別。
世尊依此說:諸有情無始時來有種種界,如惡叉聚,法爾而有。餘所引證廣說如初。
[述記:此引經證,同護月也。]
此即名為本性住種。
二者始起。謂無始來數數現行熏習而有。
世尊依此說有情心染淨諸法所熏習故無量種子之所積集。諸論亦說染淨種子由染淨法熏習
故生。
此即名為習所成種。
(一) 破護月義
若唯本有,轉識不應與阿賴耶為因緣性。
如契經說:諸法於識藏,識於法亦爾,更互為果性,亦常為因性。
[述記:此引阿毗達摩經也。]
此頌意言。阿賴耶識與諸轉識。於一切時展轉相生,互為因果。
攝大乘說。阿賴耶識與雜染法互為因緣。
如炷與焰展轉生燒。又如束蘆互相依住。
唯依此二建立因緣。所餘因緣不可得故。
若諸種子不由熏生。如何轉識與阿賴耶有因緣義?
非熏令長可名因緣。勿善惡業與異熟果為因緣故。
又諸聖教說有種子由熏習生。皆違彼義。故唯本有理教相違。
英譯(韋達)
Dharmapala
Bijas are of two kinds.
1. Natural or inborn Bijas: these refer to the potentialities which have
innately existed since before the beginning of time in the Vipakavijnana by
the natural force of things (dharmata) and which engender
Skandha-ayatana-dhatus.
It is in regard to these Bijas that Bhagavat (the World-honoured One) has
said in the Aksayamati-sutra: ‘All sentient beings, since before the
beginning of time, have had different kinds of dhatus (Bijas) which are
inherent in them and which, like heaps of myrobalan grains, exist by their
own specific nature (dharmata). It is to these Bijas that the arguments of
Candiapala refer.
These Bijas are called ‘natural Bijas residing or inherent in the basic
nature’.
2. Bijas whose existence has had a beginning:
These Bijas have come into being as a result of perfuming (vasana) by
actual dharmas which has been repeated and repeated since before the
beginning of time.
It is in regard to these Bijas that Bhagavat has said: ‘The mind of
sentient beings is perfumed by defiled and pure dharmas. Hence it is an
immense accumulation of Bijas.’ – The Sastras also say: ‘Defiled and pure
Bijas are born by reason of perfuming by defiled and pure dharmas.
These Bijas are called ‘Bijas born by reason of perfuming’
(bhavnamayabijas).
1. Refutation of Candrapala
If Bijas are exclusively ‘primordial’, the first seven consciousnesses
(pravrtlivijnanas) should not be the ‘condition qua cause’(hetupratyaya) of
the Alayavijinana.
Now the Samgraha cites a gatha from the Mahayanabhidharma: ‘The dharmas
(that is to say, the seven consciousnesses) adhere to consciousness (that is
to say, the eighth consciousness, the Alayavijnana). Likewise, consciousness
adheres to the dharmas. They are, reciprocally, effect, and also always cause.
’ The meaning of this gatha is that the Alayavijnana and the seven
consciousnesses engender each other perpetually, and are reciprocally cause
and effect.
The Samgraha teaches the same doctrine: ‘The Alayavijnana and the defiled
dharmas of samklesa are reciprocally condition qua cause (helupralyaya), just
as the flame is born of the candle (: the dharmas are born of the Bijas of
the Alayavijnana) and the candle is kept alight by the flame (:in the
Alayavijnana, the Bijas are created and perfumed by the dharmas), and just as
the bundles of reeds support each other reciprocally. ’ In this reciprocal
relation between the Bijas and the dharmas is found the true causality, the
condition qua cause. It is found nowhere else but in this mutual relation.
Hence the Bijas are born as a result of perfuming. If not, how can the seven
consciousnesses be the condition qua cause of the Alayavijnana?
It cannot be said that the seven consciousnesses are that kind of condition
because their perfuming causes the primordial Bijas to increase and grow.
For, on that account, good and bad deeds would be the condition qua cause
(hetupratyaya) of the eighth consciousness, which is Vipaka; this cannot be
true, because they are only the condition qua agent (adhipatipratyaya).
Besides, the sacred teachings (Sutras and Sastras) say that there are Bijas
which are born as a result of perfuming. These teachings are all
contradictory to the doctrine of Candrapala. In other words, the doctrine of
Candrapala is contradictory to logical reason and the Scriptures.
中譯(張尚德)
護法義
有的說:種子有二類:
1.自然的或本來有的種子:
意指種子在異熟識中本來就有,而展現在五蘊(色、受、想、行、識)、十二處(眼、耳
、鼻、舌、身、意之六根及色、聲、香、味、觸、法之六塵,)、十八界(十二處加眼識
、耳識、鼻識、舌識、身識、意識之六識),而形成種種存在的差別。
(尚德按:
佛法唯識所說的異熟實際上是指在無盡的時間、空間中,一切眾生異時、異地、異功能而
存在。實在說來,唯識沒什麼好難的,不必為名詞所困。這裡所指的蘊、處,「蘊」就是
五蘊和種種存在的內涵與外延;「處」是指一切存在的場所和在當時時間中展示出的種種
;一切眾生存在展示出的式樣、形式、作用、輪迴、消失,就叫做「功能差別」。)
釋迦牟尼佛曾在《虛空藏經》說:
「諸有情無始以來,在各種存在的式樣中,在無盡時空中,像惡叉聚一樣的,本來存在種
種種子,和各個存在的種種特殊性質(specific nature)。」關於這理論,護月已討論
很多。
這些種子就叫做「本性住種」。
2. 種子的存在有其開始:
這些種子是實際法的存在而熏習的結果,無始以來無盡現行熏習而有。
(尚德按:
此處韋達將《成唯識論》的「二者始起。謂無始來數數現行熏習而有。」分為兩段譯成英
文。此處翻譯依韋達原文。)
釋迦牟尼佛曾說:
「有情眾生的心意識受染淨諸法所熏習,故積聚無量種子。」
許多論典也說:
「染淨種子係由染淨諸法熏習而生的種子。」
這些種子就叫做「習所成種」。
(一)破護月義
若種子唯是本有的,則前七識(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意識和末那識)就不該為阿賴耶識
的因緣條件。
如《阿毗達摩經》的偈頌說:
「諸法(即七轉識)含藏在阿賴耶識中,同樣地,阿賴耶識也在諸法中。阿賴耶識和一切
存在、一切存在和阿賴耶識都是互為果性,也互為因性。」此偈頌說明阿賴耶識與七轉識
互為因因果果、果果因因。
《攝大乘論》也有同樣的理論:「阿賴耶識與雜染法互為因緣。」
(也就是說:
雜染法就在阿賴耶識中,阿賴耶識也有其雜染性。
因此,古今中外許多哲學家,當心情好和腦袋不清楚時,就歡天喜地的說:
「這宇宙和世界是美好的。」
這說法是不成立的。
不過,阿賴耶識就是藏識,也有其淨的一面。人一旦存在,是清淨還是雜染,那就要看自
己的造化與修持了。----譯者)
例如火炷與火焰是互因而生的:因著諸法熏習,阿賴耶識的種子和諸法也是互因互生的
,像束蘆互相依住在一起。
在這種相互為因為果的關係中,便有了種子和諸法真正的因緣性。彼此為因,彼此為緣,
其他均了不可得也。
(尚德按:
禪門說「了不可得」的道理在此。
但要超越因緣,也就是要轉八識成四智(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身識轉為成所作智、第六識轉
為妙觀察智、末那識轉為平等性智、阿賴耶識轉為大圓鏡智)。
這也就是為什麼釋迦牟尼佛一方面說因緣,另一方面又否定因緣,說:
「本非因緣,非自然性。」)
故種子可由熏力而生,不然七個轉識如何與阿賴耶互相產生因緣條件的關係呢?
不能因為七轉識的熏力可使本有種子增長就將其視為主要因緣條件。否則,能熏的善業、
惡業不就成為第八識異熟果的主要條件了嗎?這是不成立的,因為善業、惡業只是增上緣
而已。
(尚德按:
讀者注意:
護月主張種子本來就有,因為熏習而成長。
護法則認為:
不能說熏習而成長就叫做因緣,若如此的話,則善業、惡業就應成為異熟果的因緣條件了
。
這裡讀者更應特別注意的是:
種子是親因緣,
阿賴耶識與第七末那識(情執)是無記也。)
此外,聖教經論都說:「有些種子是由熏習而生。」以上種種都與護月的理論不同。故護
月的說法不合邏輯和佛法的道理。
第三十九次
待續
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