[新知] 對腦來說，大不一定好

[mulkcs (mulkcs)]

Bigger Not Necessarily Better, When It Comes to Brains

ScienceDaily (Nov. 18, 2009) — Tiny insects could be as intelligent as much
bigger animals, despite only having a brain the size of a pinhead, say
scientists at Queen Mary, University of London.

雖然某些動物大腦約針頭般大，但智慧可不比大型動物差。

"Animals with bigger brains are not necessarily more intelligent," according
to Lars Chittka, Professor of Sensory and Behavioural Ecology at Queen Mary's
Research Centre for Psychology and University of Cambridge colleague, Jeremy
Niven. This begs the important question: what are they for?

"腦大不一定是好得" Lars Chittka說。

Research repeatedly shows how insects are capable of some intelligent
behaviours scientists previously thought was unique to larger animals.
Honeybees, for example, can count, categorise similar objects like dogs or
human faces, understand 'same' and 'different', and differentiate between
shapes that are symmetrical and asymmetrical.

例如蜜蜂可以計算、分辨狗與人臉、瞭解"相同"與"差異"、分辨對稱與否。

"We know that body size is the single best way to predict an animal's brain
size," explains Chittka, writing in the journal Current Biology. "However,
contrary to popular belief, we can't say that brain size predicts their
capacity for intelligent behaviour."

"雖說身體大小可以預測腦的大小，但我們不能說腦的大小可以預測他們的智慧" Chittka
解釋說。

Differences in brain size between animals is extreme: a whale's brain can
weigh up to 9 kg (with over 200 billion nerve cells), and human brains vary
between 1.25 kg and 1.45 kg (with an estimated 85 billion nerve cells). A
honeybee's brain weighs only 1 milligram and contains fewer than a million
nerve cells.

動物的腦的大小是很兩極的，例如鯨魚腦重達9公斤，人腦約1.25~1.45公斤，而蜜蜂只有
1mg左右。

While some increases in brain size do affect an animal's capability for
intelligent behaviour, many size differences only exist in a specific brain
region. This is often seen in animals with highly developed senses (like
sight or hearing) or an ability to make very precise movements. The size
increase allows the brain to function in greater detail, finer resolution,
higher sensitivity or greater precision: in other words, more of the same.

某處大腦的增加的確和動物的能力有點關係，例如需要聽力與視力再特定的區域就會
有比較大的差異。體積的增加是會幫助他處理的更好、更精確也更敏感。

Research suggests that bigger animals may need bigger brains simply because
there is more to control -- for example they need to move bigger muscles and
therefore need more and bigger nerves to move them.

研究建議大型動物可能需要大一點的腦，因為需要多一點的控制。例如他們需要大一點
的神經去控制大一點的肌肉。

Chittka says: "In bigger brains we often don't find more complexity, just an
endless repetition of the same neural circuits over and over. This might add
detail to remembered images or sounds, but not add any degree of complexity.
To use a computer analogy, bigger brains might in many cases be bigger hard
drives, not necessarily better processors."

Chittka說"在大的腦裡面通常不會更複雜，只是相同的連結一直重複。這也許可以增加記
憶的細節，但不能提供更複雜的運算。用電腦來類比的話，大的腦只提供大的硬碟空間，
而非更好得處理器"

This must mean that much 'advanced' thinking can actually be done with very
limited neuron numbers. Computer modelling shows that even consciousness can
be generated with very small neural circuits, which could in theory easily
fit into an insect brain.

這裡說的是更先進的想法也許只需要少數的神經元就可以了。電腦模型顯示，亦是可以在
非常小的神經電路裡產生，而理論上也可以適合昆蟲的腦。

In fact, the models suggest that counting could be achieved with only a few
hundred nerve cells and only a few thousand could be enough to generate
consciousness. Engineers hope that this kind of research will lead to smarter
computing with the ability to recognise human facial expressions and emotions.

這個model建議上百個神經細胞就可以做運算、上千個可以產生意識。工程師希望這些研
究可以發展出更聰明的計算能力，如認臉與情緒。

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原始網址：
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091117124009.htm

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※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) 
◆ From: 118.168.239.95
推 kuopohung:不是傳說鯨魚的大腦是人類的四倍大????????????????????
→ mulkcs:依據這篇的數據大約六倍大 囧
推 guesttry:怎麼翻譯"建議"...你要建議誰???建議上帝???
→ mulkcs:恩 應該要翻指明 比較恰當
推 brendonfish:查了 google 辭典，建議是向別人提出自己的主張或意見
→ brendonfish:作者"建議"讀者接受這個觀點與模型，對我而言沒錯。
→ brendonfish:不過這個建議很模糊，意識牽涉很廣，可能要細看論文才
→ brendonfish:知道他只什麼樣的意識，猜是 pattern recognition
→ species:我覺得suggest有"提出這樣的看法"的意味...
> -------------------------------------------------------------------------- <

作者: eaglewings (鷹之翼...飄零...深秋) 看板: Cognitive
標題: Re: [新知] 對腦來說，大不一定好
時間: Mon Nov 23 14:51:10 2009


第一次在版上po文，就回了跟認知神經科學無關的東西，真不好意思。
如果有違版規，再麻煩板主協助告知並刪文，謝謝。
還請大家多多指教 <(_ _)>

主要是想回關於"suggest"這個字的用法
（這個字在論文裡面應該滿常用到的）

基本上，suggest這個字主要有以下四種意思/用法 （參考朗文辭典）

1. 建議，及物動詞
   to tell someone your ideas about what they should do, where they
   should go, etc
   句型：suggest + that S + (should) +VR (原型動詞)
         suggest + V-ing
   ps. 有大大認為是"建議"的意思，主要是因為中文直接翻譯的問題。
       基本上，在英文用法上，"建議"的主詞主要會是"人"，而非物。

2. 指出 to make someone think that a particular thing is true [= indicate]
   （我認為本文的用法比較偏向這個）
   句型：evidence/results/data/studies etc suggest(s) that＋CL (一般子句)
   ex. The evidence suggests that single fathers are more likely to work
       than single mothers.

3. 推薦 to tell someone about someone or something that is suitable for a
   particular job or activity [= recommend]
   句型：suggest somebody/something for something

4. 暗示 to state something in an indirect way [= imply]
   ex. Are you suggesting my husband's been drinking

: Research suggests that bigger animals may need bigger brains simply because
: there is more to control -- for example they need to move bigger muscles and
: therefore need more and bigger nerves to move them.
: 研究建議大型動物可能需要大一點的腦，因為需要多一點的控制。例如他們需要大一點
: 的神經去控制大一點的肌肉。

: In fact, the models suggest that counting could be achieved with only a few
: hundred nerve cells and only a few thousand could be enough to generate
: consciousness. Engineers hope that this kind of research will lead to smarter
: computing with the ability to recognise human facial expressions and emotions.
: 這個model建議上百個神經細胞就可以做運算、上千個可以產生意識。工程師希望這些研
: 究可以發展出更聰明的計算能力，如認臉與情緒。


害羞潛水ing >///<


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當你回來的時候我一定要跟你說　別再走開
抱著我稱讚我的勇敢

http://nylonstar1105.pixnet.net/blog

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※ 編輯: eaglewings      來自: 218.170.169.252      (11/23 14:55)
推 mulkcs:XD 也不算完全無關啦 的確有點離題就是了 但不會砍文
推 mulkcs:不過我還蠻認同這篇的 xD
推 brendonfish:非常清楚的說明，謝謝囉！^_^