推 cph123:那噪音訓練呢?= =+ 07/23 13:18
推 Wengboyu:所以我應該繼續學音樂嗎 xD? 07/24 00:15
ScienceDaily (July 20, 2010) — Those ubiquitous wires connecting listeners
to you-name-the-sounds from invisible MP3 players -- whether of Bach, Miles
Davis or, more likely today, Lady Gaga -- only hint at music's effect on the
soul throughout the ages.
Now a data-driven review by Northwestern University researchers that will be
published July 20 in Nature Reviews Neuroscience pulls together converging
research from the scientific literature linking musical training to learning
that spills over to skills including language, speech, memory, attention and
even vocal emotion. The science covered comes from labs all over the world,
from scientists of varying scientific philosophies, using a wide range of
research methods.
The explosion of research in recent years focusing on the effects of music
training on the nervous system, including the studies in the review, have
strong implications for education, said Nina Kraus, lead author of the Nature
perspective, the Hugh Knowles Professor of Communication Sciences and
Neurobiology and director of Northwestern's Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory.
Scientists use the term neuroplasticity to describe the brain's ability to
adapt and change as a result of training and experience over the course of a
person's life. The studies covered in the Northwestern review offer a model
of neuroplasticity, Kraus said. The research strongly suggests that the
neural connections made during musical training also prime the brain for
other aspects of human communication.
An active engagement with musical sounds not only enhances neuroplasticity,
she said, but also enables the nervous system to provide the stable
scaffolding of meaningful patterns so important to learning.
"The brain is unable to process all of the available sensory information from
second to second, and thus must selectively enhance what is relevant," Kraus
said. Playing an instrument primes the brain to choose what is relevant in a
complex process that may involve reading or remembering a score, timing
issues and coordination with other musicians.
"A musician's brain selectively enhances information-bearing elements in
sound," Kraus said. "In a beautiful interrelationship between sensory and
cognitive processes, the nervous system makes associations between complex
sounds and what they mean." The efficient sound-to-meaning connections are
important not only for music but for other aspects of communication, she said.
The Nature article reviews literature showing, for example, that musicians
are more successful than non-musicians in learning to incorporate sound
patterns for a new language into words. Children who are musically trained
show stronger neural activation to pitch changes in speech and have a better
vocabulary and reading ability than children who did not receive music
training.
And musicians trained to hear sounds embedded in a rich network of melodies
and harmonies are primed to understand speech in a noisy background. They
exhibit both enhanced cognitive and sensory abilities that give them a
distinct advantage for processing speech in challenging listening
environments compared with non-musicians.
Children with learning disorders are particularly vulnerable to the
deleterious effects of background noise, according to the article. "Music
training seems to strengthen the same neural processes that often are
deficient in individuals with developmental dyslexia or who have difficulty
hearing speech in noise."
Currently what is known about the benefits of music training on sensory
processing beyond that involved in musical performance is largely derived
from studying those who are fortunate enough to afford such training, Kraus
said.
The research review, the Northwestern researchers conclude, argues for
serious investing of resources in music training in schools accompanied with
rigorous examinations of the effects of such instruction on listening,
learning, memory, attention and literacy skills.
"The effect of music training suggests that, akin to physical exercise and
its impact on body fitness, music is a resource that tones the brain for
auditory fitness and thus requires society to re-examine the role of music in
shaping individual development, " the researchers conclude.
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原始網頁：
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100720152252.htm
非常有趣的一篇文章。
論文連結：http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v11/n8/full/nrn2882.html
講說音樂訓練對於大腦學習成效的幫忙。
裡面主要論點是音樂訓練可以幫忙我們整合sensory和cognitive function，
尤其是聽覺刺激。而音樂也有priming的效果。
因此有一些例子，例如受過音樂訓練的人可以在吵雜的環境中聆聽一段文字。
而沒受過音樂訓練的孩子則表現較差。
另外受過音樂訓練的人也可以比較容易抓住聲音的pattern，
而這在dyslexia小孩中是比較困難的。
最後一段用了一個很妙的比喻，體能上的訓練可以幫助我們鍛鍊體格，
而音樂訓練可以幫助我們鍛鍊大腦。
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