由於關於尼古拉二世本身的書不幸遺失，只找到有關他政治
生涯的文章，大家就將就將就。也是英文的，不過太常了，
所以小弟我就不翻譯了。
Nicholas II became Russia's next, and last, czar in 1894. The
revolutionary movement had been quiet untill the 1890's, when a series
of bad harvesrs caused starvation among the peasants. In addition, as
industrialization increase, discotent grew among the rising middle class
and workers in the cities. Discontented Russians formed various political
organizations of which three became important.(1)The liberal constitutionalists
wanted to replace czarist rule with a Western type of parliamentary government.
(2)The social revolutionaries tried to promote a peasant revolution.(3)The
Marxists wanted to promote revolution among the city workers. The Marxists
followed the socialist teachings of Karl Marx, a German social philosopher.
In 1898, the Marxists established the Russian Social Democratic Labor
Party. It spilt into two groups in 1903-the Bolsheviks(members of the majority)
and the Mensheviks(members of the minority). The Bolshevik leader was Vladimir
I.Ulyanov, who used the name Lenin. The Bolsheviks wanted party membership
and more democratic leadership.
Discontent among the Russian people grew after an economic depression
began in 1899. The number of student protests, peasant revolts, and worker
strikes increased. The unrest grew further after war broke out with Japan in
1904.Russia's expansion in the Far East had alarmed Japan. After a series of
disputes, the Japanese attacked Russian ships at Luda(旅大), a Chinese port
leased by the Russians. Japanese forces won battles on land and see, and
defeated the Russians in 1905.
The Revolution of 1905. On Jan.22,1905, thousands of unarmed
workers marched to the czar's Winter Palace in St.Petersburg. The workers were
on strike, and planned to ask Nicholas II for reforms. Government troops fired
on the crows and killed or wounded hundreds of marchers. After this "Bloody
Sunday" slaughter, the revolutionary movement, led mainly by the liberal
constitutionalists, gained much strength. In February Nicholas agreed to
establish a Duma(parliment) to advise him. However, more strikes broke out during
the summer, and peasants and military groups revolted.
In October 1905. a general stike paralyzed the country. Revolutionaries
in St.Petersburg formed a soviet(council) called the Soviet of Workers' Deputies
. Nicholas then granted the Duma the power to pass or reject all proposed laws.
Many Russians were satisfied, but many others were not. The revolution continued
, especially in Moscow, where the army crushed a seriou uprise in December.
Each of the first Dumas, which met in 1906 and 1907, were dissolved
after meeting in a few months. The Dumas could not work with Nicholas and his
high-ranking officials, who refused to give up much power. Nicholaw illegally
changed the election law, and made the selection of Duma candidates less
democratic. The peasants and workers were allowed far fewer representives in the Duma, and
the upper classes many more. The third Duma served from 1907 to 1912,and the
fourth Duma met from 1912 to 1917. During this period, Russia made important
advances in the arts,education,farming, and industry.
The February Revolution. During WWI, the Russian economy could
not meet the needs of the soldiers and also those of the people at home. The
railroads carried military supplies, and could not serve the cities. The people
suffered severe shotages of food, fuel, and housing. Russian troops at the front
were loyal, but the untrained soldiers behind the fighting lines became disloyal
. They knew they would probably be sent to the front and be killed. The
townspeople and these soldiers were tense and angry.
By the end of 1916, almost all educated Russiands opposed the czar.
Nicholas had removed many capable officials from high government offices, and
replaced them with weak,unpopular men. He was accused of crippling the war
effort by such acts. Many Russians blames his action on the influence of
Grigori Y.Rasputin, advised to the czar and czarina. The royal
couple believed that Rasputin was a holy man whowas saving their son's life
. In December 1916, a group of noblemen murdered Rasputin. But the officials
who supposedly had benn appointed through his influence remained.
Early in March 1917. the people revolted.(The month was February
in the old Russian calendar, which was replaced in 1918.)
In Petrograd, riots and strikes over shortages of bread and coal grew violent
. Troops were called in to halt the uprising, but they joined it instead. The
people of Petrograd turned to the Duma to dissolve itself, but the parliament
ignored his command. The Duma established a provisional(temporary) government
consisting of some Duma leaders and other public figures. Prince Geroge Lvov
became chairman of the Council of Ministers, or premier. Nicholas had lost
all political support, and he gave up the throne on March 15. Nicholas and
his family were then imprisoned. Bolshevik revolutionaries reportedly shot
them to death in July 1918.
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今天
我讓一個陌生人快樂了一天
因為 我掉了100元
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