精華區beta Eng-Class 關於我們 聯絡資訊
英語充電站:充實英語詞彙 寫出通順英文 李振清(世新大學人文社會學院院長) 時下一般大學生對英語寫作與口語表達感到焦慮的主要原因,除了語法掌握深感困難外,英語詞彙的嚴重缺乏是另一主要的根源。英文詞彙缺乏的主因就是平時缺乏良好的英文閱讀習慣,與實際應用與練習的機會所致。一般來說,只要肯耐心地在老師的指導下,培養起有恆的英文閱讀習慣,然後將所學到的基本英語內涵儘量實際地應用於課業與生活中,則不但可以開發英語文學習的樂趣與潛能,更可以直接提昇英文寫作與口語表達的優質境界。 在21世紀的全球化趨勢中,英語文書寫與口語表達已經成為人際溝通(inter-personal communication;大陸地區人士說成「人際交通」)不可缺乏的必要工具。然而,如何寫出文情並茂、感人至深、用字遣詞均恰到好處的的短文、電子郵件(e-mail)或口頭話語,則人人均需在生活中,依正確方法勤加歷練,方能達成英語文聽、說、讀、寫、譯的多重目標。對於當前的大學生來說,這種切身的體認尤其重要。本專欄將從這個角度切入,將各種程度不同的學生之一系列英文寫作實例顯現的詞彙問題,詳細分析,然後提供正確的範例及參考資料,供大家參閱。 在深入探討此項英語的詞彙問題之前,請大家先細讀下面這篇學生第二次修改過的文字,並請大家先行試著發掘問題之根源: 首先,第一段根據老師協助所寫出的破題句相當不錯;學生至少明白「自殺」需使用committing suicide這種搭配詞(col-location),就像「抗議、 抱怨」需用lodge a complaint/protest、「提交報告或建議」需用submit a report or proposal、「講故事」需說tell a story、「說謊」是 tell a lie(不可說成 *say a lie)一般,分別以lodge、submit、tell與名詞com-plaint/protest、 report/proposal、story/lie搭配,而不用其他非正式用法的動詞。同時,"committing suicide"又是台灣當前日益嚴重的社會問題,因此,學習跟日常生活與現實社會結合的英語詞彙,可因現學現用而提昇英語的學習效果和樂趣。有鑑於「自殺事件」在當前台灣社會的持續嚴重性,所以破題句的動詞可改用現在完成式如下: (1) The rate of (committing) suicide has increased in recent years. 「自殺率」可直接用the rate of suicide即可;committing在此可省略。 第二句的Young people lack confidence in facing trouble.在語法上處理得不錯,尤其是在介係詞in之後,沒忘了將face(動詞為「面對」之意)改成動名詞,並加將face加上 -ing而成為facing。然而,若能將facing改為coping (with),則更能真正展現本句「面對某種挑戰」的實質有力語意,例如: (2) Many young people lack confidence in coping with troubles. (3) Important topics discussed in the UN include international efforts in coping with terrorism and bird flu outbreaks in Asia. (在聯合國討論的重要議題,包括全球因應反恐與亞洲禽流感的爆發。) 第二句的young people最好能改為Many young people ...,才不會過度主觀,因為並非所有的年輕人均沒有信心。 第三句的用詞相當不錯。例如,pres-sure(壓力)、anxious(焦慮)、nervous(緊張)等均為常用詞彙。若能經常如此現學現用,則寫作效果必能不斷彰顯。 第四句準確地刻畫出學生的心聲,終而將學生的內心世界表露出來如下(凡句前加上星號*者,表示該句為有文法錯誤的不正確句子): (4) *When they get the worse grade, they feel sad. 惟,本句中的worse因在句中並沒有比較級對應之片語如than + Noun (phrase),所以應使用bad, 或poor, undesirable為宜;同時,句中的sad可改成depressed(情緒低落、憂鬱)較為貼切、有力。因此原句可寫成: (5) When they get poor grades, they feel depressed. 第五句的Young people do not seek for right ways to solve their problems.還不錯,但可在詞彙與語法上似可再加以潤飾: (6) Young people fail to discover the right and proper ways to solve their problems. "fail to"用以取代cannot,則語意會更深刻、妥當。例如: (7) Societies that fail to think about the fu-ture are doomed to fail.(取材自Amazon.com: Collapse: "How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed" ...) 原文第二段的I think通常可以It is my (our) belief來替代較為合適。如此讀來,更像道地英語。又,在circular底下所標式的WD,表示「用錯字」(wrong word),也可能是拼錯字(misspelling)。該字應更正為extracurricular(課外的)。extracurricular是由extra(額外的)與curricular(curriculum「課程」的形容詞,意為of or relating to the curricu-lum)合併而成。extra可與很多字詞合併而成為嶄新的相關詞如extraordinary, extraterrestrial, extramarital, extramural, extraterritoriality等。請大家先依本文的說明,思索這些結合詞彙的意義,然後再查字典。你必定會有意想不到的新發現。 這篇學生作文的基本內涵甚佳。大家若能細心研究上述英文詞性與用法的潛在原則,然後儘量培養閱讀的興趣,從而自英文專書、報紙、雜誌中摘取讀過的優美詞彙與語法,套用在寫作練習中,則英文自會逐漸穩定進步。隨時熟讀精采的英文短文,繼而學以致用,是促成英語文進步的不二法門。明白這項道理,再細讀上述習作的改寫版本如下。希望大家在英文寫作的練習過程中,能有所領悟。 How Can Young People Avoid Com-mitting Suicide? The rate of suicide among young people has increased drastically in recent years. Young people usually lack confidence in coping with troubles or challenges. For ex-ample, when their teachers and parents place lots of pressure on them, they feel anxious and nervous. Also, when they get bad (poor, undesirable) grades, they feel depressed. They have no idea how to control their emo-tions in an appropriate way. Many young people of today fail to find the right solution to their problems. When they are in trouble, they only deal with them in a negative and pessimistic way. It is my belief that parents and friends should often communicate with young people, and do so in a considerate manner. Also, teachers can encourage them to take part in various extracurricular activities. In this manner, young people can become more confident as a result. They can thus readily release their negative energy. In addition, young people can search for religion support and nurture their mind if they encounter tough obstacles. These are all possible ways to help young people avoid committing suicide. -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 140.127.70.25