- Government regulation 記不清幾段了，好像兩個人提出來的理論，
大意是1905-1915這段期間government regulation只要是為business服務的，
而不是一般認為的for general public。企業可以通過election sponsorship之類的
回饋政府。
第2段舉了一個例子，是個縮寫的管railroad的組織，在1906年的時候由於政府的支持
取得了前所未有的權利，可是其政策卻是有的支持（agricultural的favor）有的反對，
還有一個中間。
某2個學者認為1915年以前GOV只為BUSINESS服務不是為了PUBLIC INTERESTING
（這裏有題，問如果這個學者是對的，以下哪個STATEMENT是對的，我選了
“公民抱怨某廠的衛生狀況，GOV就立法了REGULATION,這個廠如果要遵守就很cost”，
另外一個是“政府通過了某項立法，提高了某個business的成本”應該不是這個。）
然後作者,HOWEVER，即使政府的regulation目地是為了服務於BUSINESS,但是有時候效果
是得其反。（這裏看了半天，第一次看太快，還以為作者是反對上面說法的）
第二段作者舉了個鐵路的例子支持自己的觀點，政府批准某個鐵路工會在哪建了個鐵路，
但鐵路造好了，效果沒有想像的那麼好，為啥？因為顧客分歧很大（這裏有細節題）。
說農業反對，X業支持，但是Y業split（這裏又有某個選項涉及到，說Y業比農業更支持
還是更反對，忘記了）
以前的JJ：
V1：
是關於大企業與政府regulation的關係。引用了T和G兩學者的觀點說大企業宣導政府規制
。但是後面又解釋說大企業未必從中受益，因此不一定有incentive宣導這個，也許是
某些大企業跟議會某些議員關係密切，比如支持其競選才宣導那些議員的觀點。
第二段舉例說修某條鐵路的時候有一個XXXX（四個字母代表的政府組織）要求對鐵路建設
及運營進行規制，遭到很多大企業的拒絕或者不合作。此文章不難，問題圍繞學術觀點，
解釋某種現象的原因出現，還有一體專門問關於這個XXXX組織的。
Version 2
關於政府的政策制定有兩種觀點，一說是因為政府者都是要維護自己的利益，一說是為了
公共利益（比如說不讓外國公司進來等等）。作者的態度上來沒有明講，但是考點。但是
他講到其實利益往往只代表一小部分人的。舉例有個關於鐵路使用權的法案1905討論，
1906通過，使得一部分人得宜，但是另外有人反對。
version3
第一篇：是關於大企業與政府regulation的關係。
第一段說，兩個學者認為，大企業之所以宣導政府規制，並不是像過去普通被認為的一樣
為了public interests（有考點）, 而是為他們自己著想，等等
第二段說這二個人的觀點忽略了什麼什麼，舉了鐵路使用權法案的例子。 說修某條鐵路
的時候有一個ICC（好像是這三個字母代表的政府組織）在1905年要求對鐵路建設及運營
進行規制，遭到很多大企業的拒絕或者不合作。另一個組織YYYY給了ICC一些權利什麼的
，這個法案在1906年還是通過了。但是工業企業反對它，農業企業支援它，另一個行業
一半一半。
出題點：
一題問過去是怎樣認為的，我選的認為企業宣導是為了public interests
一題問有關這個ICC進行規制的
Version4
Among the myths taken as fact by the environmental managers of most
corporations is the belief that environmental regulations affect all
competitors in a given industry uniformly. In reality, regulatory costs
and therefore compliance fall unevenly, economically disadvantaging some
companies and benefiting others. For example, a plant situated near a number
of larger noncompliant competitors is less likely to attract the attention of
local regulators than is an isolated plant, and less attention means
lower costs. Additionally, large plants can spread compliance costs such as
waste treatment across a larger revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller
plants may not even be subject to certain provisions such as permit or
reporting requirements by virtue of their size. Finally, older production
technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated
when the technology was first adopted. New regulations have imposed extensive
compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired bumers
that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example,
whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste
products. By realizing that they have discretion and that not all industries
are affected equally by environmental managers can help their companies to
achieve a competitive edge by anticipating regulatory pressure and exploring
all possibilities for addressing how changing regulations will affect
their companies specifically.
Q1：
Which of the following hypothetical examples would best illustrate the point
the author makes in lines 40-51 （By realizing… specifically）
A.Believing its closest competitor is about to do the same, a plant reduces
its output of a toxic chemical at great cost in order to comply with
environmental regulations.
B.In the face of new environmental regulation, a plant maintains its
production methods and passes the costs of compliance on to its customers.
C.A plant's manager learns of a competitor's methods of lowering
environmental compliance costs but is reluctant to implement those methods.
D.Having learned of an upcoming environmental ban on a certain chemical,
a company designs its new plant to employ processes that avoid use of that
chemical.
E.A plant attempts to save money by refusing to comply with environmental laws.
Q2:
According to the passage, which of the following statements about sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs is true?
A.Old production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production
of these outputs as waste products.
B.Under the most recent environmental regulations, industrial plants are no
longer permitted to produce these outputs.
C.Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still
generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose.
D.Many older plants have developed innovative technological processes that
reduce the amounts of these outputs generated as waste products.
E.Since the production processes that generate these outputs are less costly
than alternative processes, these less expensive processes are sometimes
adopted despite their acknowledged environmental hazards.
Q3:
The passage suggests which of the following concerning the relationship
between the location of a plant and the compliance costs it faces?
A.A plant is less likely to face high compliance costs if it is located near
larger plants that are in violation of environmental regulations.
B.An isolated plant is less likely to draw the attention of environmental
regulators, resulting in lower compliance costs.
C.A large plant that is located near other large facilities will most probably
be forced to pay high compliance costs.
D.A small plant that is located near a number of larger plants will be forced
to absorb some of its neighbors' compliance costs.
E.A plant will often escape high compliance costs if it is located far away
from environmental regulatory agencies.
12/27 新增
第一段，In the 1970s，K和S independently 得出了一個結論，在美國一八幾幾年的
progressive era，政府的policy因為經濟的發展在struggle，這兩位都認為，立法者
更處於對business的考慮來制定policy，而不是在當時人們認為的出於對public interest
的考慮。（這裏有題）政府的power可以使其控制進口量，穩定物價，這些都是和business
的利益息息相關的。最後一句話提到了正如商界會資助政界的競選者。
第二段，意思有所轉折，其一，有些business未必想要政府的這些政策來干預它，其二，
這些政策實施後是否有預期的效果。
然後說了在1905年的一個鐵路的事件，ICC（什麼商會的縮寫）制定的ACT在1906年通過
，這個ACT賦予了什麼power，但是因為這個法案的通過，相關各界產生了分歧，有三個
industry，有的支持，有的反對。我記得農業是farvor的。(這裏有細節題)