壹  埃及宗教在法老AmenhotepIV的時代；猶太宗教在先知Moses的時代；印度宗
教在奧義書the Upanishads的時代，都發生過重要的變革。這些變革對上述宗教
帶來什麼重要變化？請予說明  (30分)

貳  羅馬共和Republican Rome與羅馬帝國Imperial Rome各延續了約五百年，但
最後都走向解體。它們是如何解體的？請分別討論之。  (30分)

參 簡答題 任選兩題作答  (20分)
a)Herodotus被西方歷史家尊為「史學之父」，其史學有何獨特之處？
b)古希臘的軍事組織「重裝步兵方陣」Hoplite Phalanx與其城邦Polis政治的發
展有何特殊關聯？
c)新石器時代晚期，世界上的大河流域紛紛進入文明社會。這些文明社會產生的
條件有哪些？

肆  下列文字是Code of Hammuraba的部份條文。請根據文字中的資料，說明這部
法典的精神。  (20分)

   If a seignior has destroyed the eye of a mamber of teh aristocracy,
they should destroy his eye.
   If he has broken another seignior's bone,they shall break his bone.
   If he has destroyed the eye of a commoner or broken the bone a com-
moner,he should pay one mina of silver.
   If he has destroyed the eye of a seignior's slave or broken the bone
   If he has destroyed the eye of a seignior's slave or broken the bone
of a seignior's slave he shall pay one-half his value.
   If a seignior has knocked out a tooth of a seignior of his own rank,
they shall knock out his tooth.
   If he has knocked out a commoner's tooth,he shall pay one-third mina
of silver.