世界通史考題

 一至五題擇其四，第六題自由選答。

一、十六世紀宗教改革運動與十七世紀宗教戰爭的非宗教性意義或重要性為
     何？ (25)
二、(1)十七世紀科學革命時所提出的 「科學方法」 為何？ (2)啟蒙運動(The
    Enlightenment)學者對人類社會改革的基本概念和主張為何？(25)
三、capitalism 和consumer society的特性為何？ (2)工業革命後的政府角色和
    政治取向有何變化？
四、(1)法國大革命提出哪些史上所無 (或不重視)  的新觀點 、新訴求 、和新創
    體制？ (2)何謂 「意識型態」 ideology？ 法國大革命之後意識型態發展的情況
    如何？(25)
五、請將下文中譯 ，然後加以補充和申論。   (30)
    1.Most humanists believed in free will while Protestants believed in
predestinaion;humanists tended to think of human nature as basically good while
Protestants found it unspeakably corrupt;most humanists favored urbanity and
tolerence while the followers of Luther and Calvin emphasized faith and
conformity．
2.Rousseau argued that humans were 'born free.'In the state of nature，all had
been equal until the institution of private property led owner to protect their
property by creating instruments of repression:law,police,salvery．To remedy
this situaion,Rousseau proposed the altogether new solution of goverment by the
'general will.'
3.Utilitarianism was a doctrine that could be used to cut 2 ways-in favor of
laissez-faire; in favor of govermental intervention.And the middle class
proceeded to cut both ways at once.Utilitarianism provided the theoretical
basis for many of the middle-class interventionist reforms,such as a revised
poor law in Britain.At the same time utilitarianism fortified  the position of
those businessmen who believed that  unfettered  individualism  had  produced
the triumphs of the Industrial Revolution.

六、自問自答(視情形給分)