任選四題
一.二十世紀歷史的特質為何？請強調其與傳統文明不同之處，或其呈現出的
文明發展困境與契機。
二.社會主義者為何反戰？他們在一次大戰爆發前對戰爭的觀點有如何的修改
與相互對立的看法？大戰爆發後其態度又有如何的轉變？
三.(1)The‘Great War’of 1914-1918是「世界大戰」嗎？(2)「新帝國主義
」終結於一次大戰嗎？大戰爆發後其態度又有如何的轉變？
四.第一次世界大戰如何由單純的國家權益保衛戰，演變為意識形態的對抗？
請說明其間演變的關鍵及訴求觀點。
五.請舉出四點問題說明第一次世界大戰可以作為歷史分水嶺的道理，或者你
不同意此說，也請舉出四點申論你的看法。
六.請將下文中譯，然後加以補充及評論。
1.As Lenin,among others,was to emphasize,the colonies helped to
keep the fat on the European economy:they contributed heavily
toward a standard of living that Europe could not have achieved
on its own.Yet by the turn of the century European imperialism
had very largely failed of its principal aims.
2.Syndicalism taught the working class to distrust its self-
constituted spokemen,the socialist parliamentarians and intellectuals.
It expressed a deep-seated anti-intellectualism:it felt no need
for a coherent philosophy of economics or politics.In this respect
it broke far more sharply than had Marxism with the main tradition
of European public life.
3.Opposition to the war had been reduced in August 1914 to a few
isolated dissenters.By 1916,organized oppositions began to work
actively for a compromise peace...The liberal solution was twofold
:the expansion of democratic control at home over foreign policy,
and the replacement of‘international anarchy’with a system of
international law.
七.自問自答(視情形給分)。
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