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標題: think you know McCain and Obama's views on Africa?
* Sean Jacobs
* guardian.co.uk,
* Saturday July 19, 2008
Throughout the 1980s, the Reagan administration operated an open-door policy
for African dictators and the racist apartheid regime in South Africa. Ronald
Reagan's "constructive engagement" policy in Southern Africa viewed white
South Africa as "a country that stood by us in every war we have ever fought,
a country that strategically is essential to the free world in its production
of minerals."
1980年代，雷根政權對非洲強人政權和施行種族隔離的南非政權保持開放政策。雷根總統
針對南非的「建設性接觸」政策將白人南非視為「一個每場戰爭都支持我們的國家，一個
生產礦產資源的戰略價值對於自由世界來說至關重要的國家。」
His administration sponsored proxy wars by the apartheid government in
Mozambique and Angola. The Angolan "rebel" leader Jonas Savimbi – whose
insurgency left thousands dead or homeless – was a regular visitor to the US
capital, Washington DC, posing with Reagan on the White House lawn and
hobnobbing with congressional leaders. Nightline and 60 Minutes gave ample
time to Savimbi. The kleptomaniac Zairian dictator Mobuto Sese Seko, Nigerian
General Ibrahim Babangida (who violently delayed the transition to multiparty
democracy in that country), and the corrupt and brutal governments of Kenya
and Equatorial Guinea, all enjoyed official American largesse.
雷根政權資助南非種族隔離政權在莫三比克和安哥拉發動代理戰爭。安哥拉「匪酋」
JONAS SAVIMBI（他的抵抗造成了數千條人命和流離失所的人口）是華府常客，常與
雷根在白宮草地上擺POSE，還有跟眾議院領袖們把酒言歡。專題節目如NIGHTLINE和
60 MINUTES都不乏SAVIMBI的身影。竊國成性的薩伊強人MOBUTO SESE SEKO、奈及利亞
的IBRAHIM BABANGIDA將軍（他曾強硬拖延該國的多黨制民主化進程）、以及腐敗粗暴
的肯亞政府與赤道幾內亞政府，都受過美國熱情的款待。
To achieve such favour these leaders and governments needed lobbyists. The
man oiling Washington's political establishment on behalf of most of this
rogues' gallery is Charlie Black, according to the group Citizens for Ethics
Black started his Washington career with segregationist Jesse Helms and
worked on Reagan's re-election campaign in 1984. He used those contacts to
ease the path to the Oval Office for his clients. In 1985 the Black lobbying
firm reportedly made at least $600,000 from Savimbi.
能在華府吃得開，這些強人和政府需要說客。為這批牛鬼蛇神遊走華府各政府機構的
是CHARLIE BLACK。根據道德公民組織[Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in
Washington，2003年成立]，BLACK的華府生涯始於支持種族隔離的JESSE HELMS旗下，
後來於1984年加入了雷根連任競選團隊。BLACK用他的人脈為他的客戶鋪了一條通往
橢圓辦公室的紅毯。據報，1985年當年BLACK遊說事務所至少自SAVIMBI那賺得六十萬
美元。
That same Charlie Black is now one of John McCain's chief campaign advisers.
That's also the same Charlie Black who recently let slip that a terrorist
attack would be good for McCain's stagnant electoral campaign. McCain has not
expressed any urgency to travel to Africa nor, except for the usual
platitudes, said much concrete about his proposed Africa policy. That, and
the time it took for Cindy McCain to divest holdings in a company doing
business in Sudan.
CHARLIE BLACK現在是JOHN MCCAIN的主要競選顧問。就是這個CHARLIE BLACK在最近脫口
說出再一次恐怖攻擊會讓MCCAIN不樂觀的選情帶來利多。MCCAIN沒有展現出訪非洲的
迫切性，同時（除了隨口提些例行性看法）也沒有提出任何確切的非洲政策。這些延宕
以及空窗期讓CINDY MCCAIN能夠脫手賣出某間在蘇丹投資的公司的共同基金。
So how does McCain's Democratic rival Barack Obama shape up? Despite the fact
that Obama spent much of his childhood in Hawaii and Indonesia most Americans
(black and white) make connections between the Illinois Senator's race (his
father was a Kenyan economist) and Africa. Because of shallow race politics
it is assumed he would naturally sympathise with the continent. Obama's other
Africa connection are Muslim "smears", even from members of his own party.
Images of Obama wearing a "Muslim turban" during an official visit to a
northeastern Kenyan border town – leaked by Clinton operatives – surfaced
on the web and set off a media frenzy.
至於OBAMA又是如何？儘管OBAMA的童年是在夏威夷跟印尼度過的，多數美國人（黑人
與白人皆然）主要將這位伊利諾州參議員的族裔（OBAMA的父親是名肯亞經濟學家）與
非洲做連結。因為目前橫行的膚淺的族裔政治，一般認為OBAMA會自然而然地傾向同情
非洲。OBAMA另一個非洲關連性就是流傳的穆斯林「抹黑」，有些甚至是他自己黨內
流出來的。OBAMA於一次肯亞東北邊境的官方訪問時穿著穆斯林裝束的照片─CLINTON
陣營流出來的照片─在網上傳開，引爆媒體討論。
When cooler heads returned, it transpired that Obama had obliged a local
dignitary's request that he (Obama) try on local dress. That there's nothing
wrong with being Muslim, which Obama isn't anyway, hardly entered the
conversation. More importantly, no one asked what Obama was really doing in
Africa at the time. In fact, that northern Kenyan trip was part of a
four-nation trip undertaken by Obama in August 2006 to South Africa, Kenya,
Djibouti and Chad. And that trip may tell us something about how a President
Obama could approach US relations with Africa.
當事件逐漸冷下來後，才發現是OBAMA善意回應當地名流的要求，試穿一下當地的傳統
服飾。當個穆斯林沒什麼問題這個問題（又何況OBAMA也不是）一直都成不了討論焦點。
更重要的是，沒有人問OBAMA那時候在非洲在做什麼。事實上，那次的北肯亞行是OBAMA
於2006年八月前往南非的四國行程的一部份，共有南非、肯亞、吉布提、以及查德。
那次行程或能讓我們瞭解OBAMA的美國─非洲政策。
In US mainstream media, coverage of the trip largely focused on Obama's
"homecoming" to his father's hometown and continent. However, the best record
of that visit – apart from extensive coverage in Obama's hometown Chicago,
is a documentary film, Senator Obama Goes to Africa directed by Chicago
filmmakers Bob Hercules and Keith Walker.
那次行程中，美國主流媒體主要報導重心在於OBAMA的「返鄉」行。但是，那次行程
最好的紀錄（還包括關於OBAMA的主場芝加哥）是個紀錄片：「參議員OBAMA去AFRICA」，
導演是芝加哥製片人BOB HERCULES跟KEITH WALKER。
The film (you can see the opening sequence here) predictably contains
elements of a political campaign and feels like a travelogue: large crowds to
confirm his appeal; PR visits to "community projects" (a micro-lending
project sponsored by a bank in Chicago in the packed Kibera slum in the
Kenyan capital Nairobi); a tour of Nelson Mandela's cell on Robben Island
prison in South Africa; a visit to Nobel peace prize winner Desmond Tutu (who
tells Obama: "You are going to be a very credible presidential candidate");
and a stop in a Darfur refugee camp in Chad. Finally, a large chunk of
proceedings focuses on Obama's visit to his grandmother's house in Kisumu,
Kenya. But the film also reveals more.
那部紀錄片（這裡有開場敘述）理所當然地有濃厚的政治宣傳味，也看起來像是個遊記：
龐大人群展現OBAMA的魅力；造訪「社區計畫」的公關行程（一家芝加哥銀行的小型
租借計畫，位於肯亞首都NIROBI的KIBERA貧民區內；參訪曼得拉在南非ROBBEN ISLAND
的獄所；拜訪諾貝爾和平獎得主DESMOND TUTU（他告訴OBAMA：「你會是一名非常值得
信任的總統候選人」）；以及走訪在查德進內的DARFUR難民營。終於，紀錄片一大部分
是OBAMA拜訪他祖母在肯亞KISUMU的房子。除此之外，紀錄片還透露更多。
In South Africa, Obama publicly embraces the Aids activist Zackie Achmat.
Then during a visit to an Aids clinic run by Achmat's Treatment Action
Campaign in Khayelitsha township, the vast slum to the southwest of Cape
Town, Obama condemns the pharmaceutical companies and the wrongheaded Aids
policies of President Thabo Mbeki and his health minister, Manto
Tshabalala-Msimang. Obama described Tshabalala-Msimang as the "lunatic
fringe." Moving on to Kenya, Obama and his wife, Michelle, not only visited
Kibera (usually given a wide berth by politicians, including Kenyans), but
made true on a promise to Achmat to publicly take HIV tests. They did so in a
mobile clinic in a busy part of Kisumu, with an audience of thousands.
在南非，OBAMA公開擁抱為愛滋病奔走的ZACKIE ACHMAT。然後他走訪了ACHMAT於
KHAYELITSHA主持的愛滋病治療所，也就是開普敦西南一大片貧民區裡。OBAMA公開
譴責製藥公司以及THABO MBEKI總統還有他的健康部長MANTO TSHABALALA─MSIMANG的
錯誤的愛滋政策。OBAMA形容TSHABALALA─MSIMANG「瀕臨瘋狂」。接著在肯亞，OBAMA
跟他的太太MICHELLE不僅拜訪了KIBERA（通常會給包括肯亞在內的政治人物加很多分），
還履行了他對ACHMAT的承諾，公開接受HIV檢驗。他們兩人就在KISUMU一個移動診所
在數千名觀眾圍觀的狀況下完成了檢驗。
Earlier, in a speech to government, policy and intellectual elites, at the
University of Nairobo, Obama broke with the tradition of visiting American
dignitaries to tackle widespread government corruption. This did not endear
him to the Kenyan government (now staunch anti-terror allies of the US), as
Obama's hometown Chicago Sun-Times reported at the time. Obama has been
tacking sharply rightward in recent weeks but he still has fans on the
continent – Achmat still heavily promotes Obama, for example.
早先，在UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBO的一場對政府、政策和知識界菁英的演講中，OBAMA
沒有依循例行的美國名人傳統，而主動針對政府貪污問題發表看法。這讓肯亞政府
不太高興（現在是美國堅定的反恐盟邦之一），根據OBAMA老本營的芝加哥太陽報消息
指出。OBAMA最近開始明顯右傾，但他在非洲仍然有些支持者，如ACHMAT。
A final irony: it was the Kenyan government which was once squired around
Washington by McCain's now chief adviser that destroyed Barack Obama Sr's
career.
最後諷刺：就是那個靠著MCCAIN現在的主要顧問吃遍華府的肯亞政府毀了OBAMA父親的
一生。
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/19/usa.uselections2008
新聞來源: (需有正確連結)
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