推 vvlen:哇~謝謝你 05/12 15:20
推 vvlen:很詳細的資料 05/12 15:26
※ 引述《vvlen (我要我的獨特)》之銘言：
: 這學期修了一門課"英文政治學名著選讀"
: 期中前是念
: Hungtington"WHO ARE WE-THE CHALLENGES TO AMERICA'S NATIONAL IDENTITY"
: 期中後念
: Will Kymlicka
: "Multicultural citizenship"
: "Finding our way-rethinking ethnocultural relations in Canada"
: 因為我對加拿大不是很了解
: 加上我英文程度又不好
: 這門課份量挺重的
: 我大概知道Will Kymlicka是在探討加拿大境內魁北克與少數族群的問題
: 麻煩好心的大大
: 可以跟我說明一下加拿大境內魁北克或是少數族群的問題嗎
: 我只知道魁北克講法語想獨立
: 其他就一無所知了Orz
所謂的Multicultural citizenship是指多文化公民結構,
打從大航海殖民時代開始就有著許多不同的文化
但大多都是歐裔 然後以英國與法國為大宗
現在的魁北克是法屬地 安大略是英屬地
長久以來 英法兩國一直都在戰爭 在加拿大這邊也不例外
勝利者當然是英方..XD..這個是加拿大有英法雙語的起源
在此之前加拿大有原住民
1867年7月1日建立了加拿大聯邦，並允許其自治，由英裔和法裔殖民者共同統治。
(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7#.E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3)
最一開始的國土並不是像現在這樣 很多是後來慢慢加入的
然後在一戰跟二戰時又有一大批移民從歐洲過來 為了躲戰爭
這之中也有一批廣東人 而這批廣東人 在當鐵路勞工時有受不平等待遇
在二戰後 美蘇冷戰 導致中東問題 越戰 與東南亞各國有內戰跟局勢不穩的問題
加拿大又再度成為各國人民逃難的地方
例如 中東人 越南人 印度人 巴基斯坦人 巴勒斯坦人 斯里蘭卡人
在蘇聯瓦解後 原來屬於蘇聯的一些領地紛紛鬧獨立 這些大多在東歐
除了獨立以外 還有內亂 所以也是有許多這邊的移民
在這段時間來說的華人移民主要是香港人 他們是為了躲97
在70 80 90左右的時候台灣經濟起飛時有個移民潮 而加拿大是移民目標國之一
同樣的理由 韓國90末到現在也有不少人移民加拿大
加拿大的中國留學生很多
當然也有不少是移民 絕大多數的中國人想要留在加拿大
但 加拿大政府似乎對中國移民有管制.. 他們要移民的成功率不高
雖然美國也是有類似的經歷
但是美國的文化跟加拿大很不一樣
美國是homogeneous 加拿大是heterogeneous
人口結構大概是這個樣子 可能有些東西不準確 因為我只是單憑印象
加拿大的人口一直都是靠移民在撐
因為加拿大的人口外流問題相當嚴重
加拿大本身的收入是靠天然資源 並沒有什麼產業
而且加拿大是社會主義國 稅很重 青壯年人才會外流
生育力又不高 整個社會人口結構偏老化
至於少數族群問題嘛.....我就不大清楚了 ....
至於魁北克獨立問題....以下文章很長...慢慢看....
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec
Levesque and his party had run in the 1970 and 1973 Quebec elections under a
platform of separating Quebec from the rest of Canada. His party was defeated
both times, with 23% and 30% of the vote respectively, and Levesque himself
was defeated in his own riding (electoral district). In the 1976 election,
he softened his message by promising a referendum (plebiscite) on
sovereignty-association rather than outright separation, by which Quebec would
have independence in most government functions but share some other ones,
such as a common currency, with Canada. Though many Quebecers, especially
English-speaking Quebecers, viewed sovereignty-association as thinly-veiled
separation, Levesque and the Parti Quebecois were swept into power with 41%
of the popular vote on November 15, 1976. The question of
sovereignty-association was placed before the voters in the 1980 Quebec
referendum. During the campaign, Pierre Trudeau promised that a vote for the
NO side was a vote for reforming Canada. Trudeau advocated the patriation of
Canada's Constitution from the United Kingdom, as the existing constitutional
document, the British North America Act, could only be amended by the United
Kingdom Parliament.
Sixty percent of the Quebec electorate voted against the proposition. Polls
showed that the overwhelming majority of English and immigrant Quebecers
voted against, and that French Quebecers were almost equally divided, with
older voters less in favour, and younger voters more in favour. After his loss
in the referendum, Levesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new
constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice Jean Chretien and the nine
other provincial premiers. Levesque insisted Quebec be able to veto any
future constitutional amendments. The negotiations quickly reached a
stand-still.
Then on the night on November 4 to November 5 1981 (called by separatists
the 'Night of the Long Knives' or 'La nuit des longs couteaux' after a bloody
Hitler putsch in the 1930's) Jean Chretien met all the provincial premiers
except Rene Levesque to sign the document that would eventually become the
new Canadian constitution. The next morning, they put Levesque in front of
the "fait accompli." Levesque refused to sign the document, and returned to
Quebec. In 1982, Trudeau had the new constitution approved by the British
Parliament, with Quebec's signature still missing (a situation that persists
to this day). The Supreme Court of Canada confirmed Trudeau's assertion that
every province's approval is not required to amend the constitution.
In subsequent years, two attempts were made to gain Quebec's approval of the
constitution. The first was the Meech Lake Accord of 1987, which was finally
abandoned in 1990 when the provinces of Manitoba and Newfoundland refused to
support it. This led to the formation of the Bloc Quebecois party in Ottawa
under the leadership of Lucien Bouchard, who had resigned from the federal
cabinet. The second attempt, the Charlottetown Accord of 1992, was rejected
by 56.7% of all Canadians and 57% of Quebecers. This result caused a split in
the Quebec Liberal Party that led to the formation of the new Action
Democratique (Democratic Action) party led by Mario Dumont and Jean Allaire.
On October 30, 1995, with the Parti Quebecois back in power since 1994, a
second referendum on sovereignty took place. This time, it was rejected by a
slim majority (50.6% NO to 49.4% YES); a clear majority of French-speaking
Quebecers voted in favour of sovereignty.
The referendum was tainted by several controversies. Lucien Bouchard declared
in a speech that Quebec is the "white society" with the lowest birthrate in
the world. Federalists complained that an unusually high number of ballots
had been rejected in pro-federalist ridings, notably in the largely Jewish
and Greek riding of Chomedey (11.7 % or 5,500 of ballots were spoiled vs.
750 or 1.7% in the general election of 1994) although Quebec's chief
electoral officer found no evidence of outright fraud as ballots that were
slightly different were not accepted this time even though they were in the
past. The Government of Canada was accused of not respecting provincial
laws with regard to spending during referendums (which was achieved through
corruption and became public in 2005, leading to the Canadian Liberal
government's demise), and to having accelerated the naturalization of
immigrant people living in the province of Quebec (43,850 immigrants were
naturalized during 1995, whereas the average number between 1988 and 1998
was 21,733).
The same night of the referendum, an angry Jacques Parizeau, then premier
and leader of the "Yes" side, declared that the loss was due to "money and
the ethnic vote". Parizeau resigned over public outrage and as per his
commitment to do so in case of a loss. Lucien Bouchard became Quebec's new
premier in 1996.
Federalists also accused the separatist side of asking a vague and misleading
question. The question read:
"Do you agree that Quebec should become sovereign after having made a formal
offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope
of the bill respecting the future of Quebec and of the agreement signed on
June 12, 1995?"
After winning the next election, Bouchard retired from politics in 2001.
Bernard Landry was then appointed leader of the Parti Quebecois and premier
of Quebec. In 2003, Landry lost the election to the Quebec Liberal Party and
Jean Charest. Landry stepped down as PQ leader, and in a crowded race for the
party leadership, Andre Boisclair was elected to succeed him. The PQ has
promised to hold another referendum should it return to government.
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