上次提到美國大學人文科目訓練的嚴格。
這裏舉哈佛大學歷史系的一個例子。
History 90c:
Major Themes in European History: Europe, the Nation, and History
是外國史新生的課程。
課程簡述如下。
This course interrogates the place occupied
by the nation in European history.
It explores how historians and social scientists
have interpreted nation-building as well as nationalism,
and it considers the impact that both nation-building and nationalism
have had on the practice of history itself.
Our inquiry, while focused on the nation,
will also engage historiographical debates on such matters
as the French Revolution, liberalism, the 1848 revolutions,
the role of the state, social and materialist history,
imperialism, comparative history,
and the so-called waning of the nation state.
To provide coherency to our inquiry,
we ourselves will limit our national scope,
for we shall focus primarily on Britain and France,
and (what became) Germany with occasional forays elsewhere.
詳細資料可參考http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~hist90c/。
這是關於民族在歐洲歷史的定位與解釋，也有民族建構，民族主義等等對歷史的影響。
每堂課之前學生要讀完指定書本，
並且要提出至少一個自己所建構的分析性問題，與同學在上課時討論。
教授針對學生所提問題，
以及他們課堂參與討論的情況，
依據其深度、廣度、精確性等等品質來評分。
此外，有六個星期，學生必需交2頁長的分析論文；
內容是就那兩星期指定書做分析、比較(compare)，與對比(contrast)。
期末論文長度在10-12頁，要從學生的二、三篇分析論文中，
加以綜合(synthesize)，整合(integrate)，並加以擴充。
學生可能需要讀更多的參考書，以準備這篇論文。
學生要讀的書包含參考書與期刊
（American Historical Review，Journal of Modern History，
Comparative Studies in Society and History）。
每個星期的課程與書目條列於下。
January 29： Introduction--In-class handout
Lynn Hunt, “Is European History Passe?” Perspectives (November 2002)
February 5： Is European history national history?
Patrick Geary,
The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton and Oxford:
Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 1-40.
James Sheehan,
”What is German History?
Reflections on the Role of the Nation
in German History and Historiography”
Journal of Modern History 53, 1 (March 1981): 1-23
JGA Pocock, “British History: A Plea for a New Subject”
Journal of Modern History 47, 4 (December 1975): 601-621.
and responses by A. J. P. Taylor;
Gordon Donaldson;
Michael Hechter; as well as Pocock’s reply to response.
Fernand Braudel,
preface to the first edition of The Mediterranean
and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II.
Steven Englund,
“The Ghost of Nation Past,”
Journal of Modern History 64, 2 (June 1992): 299-320.
February 12：The importance of the French Revolution *
Sieyes, “What is the Third Estate?”
excerpts: http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/280/
Pierre Nora, “Nation”
in Francois Furet and Mona Ozouf, A Critical Dictionary
of the French Revolution
David A. Bell,
“Lingua populi, lingua dei: Language, religion, and the origins
of French revolutionary nationalism” The American Historical Review,
100, 5 (December 1995): 1403-1437.
David A. Bell,
“The Unbearable Lightness of Being French: Law, Republicanism
and National Identity at the End of the Old Regime,”
American Historical Review 106, 4 (October 2001)
Optional Background reading: （可以再看這些書以了解背景。）
Jeremy Popkin, A Short History of the French Revolution
Recommended supplementary reading: （如果有時間，還可以看這些書。）
Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism,
Five Roads to Modernity (Harvard, 1992), ch. 2
February 19：
On the relation between Nationalism and Liberalism
Jonathan Sperber, European Revolutions 1848-51, pp. 55-104; 126-138.
James Sheehan, German History, pp. 672-691.
Raymond Grew,
“How Success Spoiled the Risorgimento,” Journal of Modern History 34, 3
(Sept. 1962): 239-253.
A. William Salomone,
“The Risorgimento between Ideology and History:
The Political Myth of rivoluzione mancata”
American Historical Review 68, 1 (October 1962): 38-56
Recommended: Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire,
ch. 6 !§Waving Flags!‥
Recommended:
Brian Vick, Defining Germany: The 1848 Frankfurt Parliamentarians
and National Identity (Harvard University Press, 2002).
February 26：
On the relation between Nationalism and Liberalism: Imperialism *
Catherine Hall,
“The nation within and without,” in Catherine Hall,
Keith McClelland,
and Jane Rendall,
Defining the Victorian nation:
Class, Race, Gender and the British Reform Act of 1867
(Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 179-233.
Alice Conklin, “Colonialism and Human Rights,
a Contradiction in Terms?
The Case of France and West Africa?” American Historical Review (April 1998).
The Social Bases of Nations and Nationalism
March 5：The mechanics of nation-building and nationalism
Benedict Anderson,
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
(Verso, rev. ed. 1991), Introduction and chs. 2 and 3.
Eugen Weber,
Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914
(Stanford, 1976),
Introduction and pp. 3-114; 195-220; 241-277; 292-338; 484-496.
Entire book recommended. （教授推薦讀整本書）
Katherine Verdery,
“Nationalism and National Sentiment in Postsocialist Romania” in idem,
What was Socialism and Why did it Fail?
Frantz Fanon,
“This is the Voice of Algeria,” in A Dying Colonialism
(Grove Press, 1965), pp. 69-97.
Recommended:
Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, Overture and chs. 2 and 3 (through p. 72).
Recommended: Katherine Verdery, National ideology under socialism :
identity and cultural politics in Ceausescus Romania (UC Press, 1991).
March 12：
Social Class and Nationalism, or The Politics of Bourgeois Discontent *
David Blackbourn, “The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie:
Reappraising German History in the Nineteenth Century,”
in David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley,
The Peculiarities of German History :
Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany, pp. 159-221;
261-266; 275-285. Entire volume recommended. （教授推薦讀整本書）
Philip Nord, Paris Shopkeepers and the Politics of Resentment
(Princeton, 1986),
pp. 1-18; 21-59; 261-301; 302-307; 346-350; 406-464; 478-496.
State, Nation and Empire
March 19 ： State-making as nation-making?
Isser Woloch, The New Regime:
Transformations of the French Civic Order (Norton, 1994), chapters
“Lawmaking and Local Authority,” “State Intervention in Village Life:
Budgets, Policing and Roads,” and !§Reflections!‥
(pp. 21-59; 144-172; 427-433) entire volume recommended （教授推薦讀整本書）
Mack Walker, German Home Towns:
community, state, and general estate, 1648-1871
(Cornell, 1971), chapters:
“Introduction,” “The Incubator,” “Napoleonic Power in Germany,”
“Weissenburg,” “Community Identified,”
and “Death and Transfiguration.”
(pp. 1-7; 11-33; 185-279; 405-431). entire volume recommended
（教授推薦讀整本書）
March 22-March 30 Spring Break
April 2: Borders and States *
Peter Sahlins, Boundaries:
the making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (UC Press, 1989).
April 9: Provincial or National?
Celia Applegate, A Nation of Provincials:
The German Idea of Heimat (UC Press, 1990).
Available through University of California Press!|
e-scholarship collection: http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft300004wq/
Caroline Ford,
“Religion and the Politics of Cultural Change in Provincial France:
The Resistance of 1902 in Lower Brittany,” Journal of Modern History 62, 1
(March 1990): 1-33.
Recommended:
Caroline Ford, Creating the nation in provincial France:
Religion and Political Identity in Brittany.
April 16: Nation and Empire - Imperial Nations? *
Linda Colley, Britons:
forging the nation, 1707-1837 (Yale, 1992),
Introduction and chs. 1-2, 6 and pp. 361 to end.
[entire volume recommended] （教授推薦讀整本書）
Ann Laura Stoler, “Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers:
European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion
in Colonial Southeast Asia,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History,
Vol. 34, No. 3. (Jul., 1992), pp. 514-551.
Herman Lebovics, True France:
The Wars over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Cornell 1992),
chapter entitled !§The Seductions of the Picturesque.!‥
Recommended:
Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire
Recommended:
Terry Martin and Ronald Suny, eds., A State of Nations
Between and Beyond Nations
April 23: Workers of the World? Thinking Inter-nationally
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party”
Richard Biernacki,
The Fabrication of Labor:
Germany and Britain, 1640-1914 (UC Press 1995),
Introduction and chs. 2 and 11.
Laura Lee Downs,
Manufacturing Inequality:
Gender Division in the French and British Metalworking Industries,
1914-1939 (Cornell, 1995), Introduction and chs. 3, 6 and epilogue.
Recommended: Roman Szporluk, Communism and Nationalism:
Karl Marx versus Friedrich List
(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 61- 75; 248-250.
April 30: After the Nation State? *
Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship:
Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe
(Chicago, 1994), pp. 1-28; 119-167.
Christian Joppke, “Immigration:
Challenges to the Nation-State;” Virginie Guiraudon,
“Citizenship Rights for Non-Citizens: France, Germany and the Netherlands”
both in Christian Joppke, ed.,
Challenge to the Nation-State:
Immigration in Western Europe and the United States
(Oxford, 1998), pp. 1-46; 272-318.
哈佛這科大學課程不僅學生要閱讀的書籍多，
而且必需寫論文，提出問題，參與討論。
學生不但要有優越的英文程度，更需要一定程度的人文素養。
我們文法科大學畢業生，（甚至研究生）是否能夠勝任這個課程，值得可疑。
我們不能不問：台灣的人文環境需要如何的加強，改變，才能趕上西方一流學校？
大學生的素質顯然要教授的指引來提升。
我們需要有真才實學的教授、學者，
而非頂著西方博士頭銜，而沒有學得西方學術方法，也不了解其背景的歸國學人!
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