Re: [心得] 玄奘大師翻譯步驟

[lilneige (lilneige)]

※ 引述《buddhanature (應無所住，而生其心~!)》之銘言：
: 玄奘翻譯佛經的10個步驟
: 玄奘翻譯佛經的步驟， 我們至今還採用， 在網上找到了一篇英文文章， 特張貼如下，
: 供大家參考：
: P.S.:鳩摩羅什譯場300人，玄奘譯場500人
: Xuan Zang, Possibly China's Greatest Translator

玄奘，應該是中國最偉大的翻譯家


: His 10-stage quality control process initiated more than 1300 years ago is
: far more thorough and exacting than any existing today.

他的十步驟的品管控制制度，在1300年以前成立，比現經任何制度都要周到準確。


: Introduction
簡介

: Every Chinese, young and old, within and outside China, knows the classical
: language rendering of the exploits of Xuan Zang, the pious Tang dynasty monk
: and his three storybook disciples: the indestructible Monkey King, the Great
: Sage; Brother Pig, the Eight Denials (of Buddhism); and Sand Monk, the third
: disciple. In real life, Xuan Zang was a truly remarkable Buddhist monk. He
: travelled on land, across mountains and deserts, through hostile and
: uncharted territories, to the birthplace of Buddha in the Indian
: sub-continent and thereafter returned to Chang’an (modern day Xi’an) with a
: set of Buddhist sutras. The voluminous sutras were written in the extremely
: difficult Sanskrit language. Together with his doyens of pupils, he completed
: the translation of some 75 volumes of the sutras into an equally difficult
: Chinese languages.

每一個中國人，不分老少，不管在海內外，都會知道這個跟玄奘有關的故事。
一個虔誠的唐朝法師，跟他的三個徒弟：無敵的猴子王，悟空；豬兄弟，八戒；和
沙悟淨三位。在現實當中，玄奘真的是非常卓越的佛家法師。他穿山越嶺的經過了
許多險惡環境的地方，最後抵達了佛祖出生的所在地印度，而後帶著不少佛經
回到了長安(現今的西安)，這些經典內容都是以困難的梵文呈現。他與長久跟隨他
的學生們一同將75部經翻譯成一樣很難懂得中文。

: The 10 Stages

十個步驟

: Buddhist sutras, translated into Chinese earlier than the Tang dynasty, were
: difficult to read and comprehend because the responsible translators were all
: Buddhist monks of non-Han Chinese origin. It took China several hundred years
: to groom its own selection of Buddhist monks who could master both the
: Sanskrit language and the complex Buddhism doctrines, which were written in
: Sanskrit. And Xuan Zang was recognized as the foremost among them. He was
: appointed chief of the Tang dynasty imperial translation centre. It was he
: who designed and implemented a translation workflow that would guarantee the
: quality of the final product. The process detailed below is well worth
: adopting by any modern day translation team.

在唐朝以前翻譯成中文的佛經比較深澀難懂，因為翻譯者並不是漢人。經過了幾百年
中國才出現有佛家法師能夠同時懂梵文，而且懂得以梵文紀錄的佛法。在這些法師
當中玄奘法師事最出色的，他也被唐朝的皇帝指派為翻譯中心的翻譯長。是他設計
與執行了一套完整的可確保最終品質的翻譯流程。下列的流程值得現今任何翻譯團
隊參考。

: Stage 1
: Master Translator and Buddhism expert to jointly study and interpret the
: original text written in Sanskrit. It could involve one or more persons.

第一步

翻譯長跟佛學專家研討原文內容，這可能會是多過一個人。

: Stage 2
: Members of the translation team to attend a recital of the text in question
: by the Master Translator. The purpose is to verify the accuracy of the
: interpretation undertaken in Stage 1. A recital is necessary because the
: scriptures were originally written for recitation.


第二步

翻譯團隊的團員需要參加翻譯長主導的朗誦。這是為了確認第一步過程的正確性。
朗誦是必要的，因為原文文體是寫來朗誦的。

: Stage 3
: A team of junior translators produces the first Chinese draft from the
: Sanskrit text. The draft includes is a transliteration of Sanskrit terms into
: Chinese equivalents.

第三步

一隊的資淺的翻譯人員先做第一次的翻譯草稿。草稿包含了把梵文的一些辭彙
轉換成類似意義的中文

: Stage 4
: Production of a complete Chinese version by a senior Han Chinese Buddhist
: monk trained to undertake scripture translation. This is the most important
: stage in the entire process involving a monk with an in-depth knowledge of
: Chinese culture and language.

第四步

由漢人資深受訓過的佛家法師產出完整的中文版本。這是最重要的步驟，
需要這個法師對於中文與中國文化有深入瞭解。

: Stage 5
: Refinement of the complete Chinese version, construction and structure of
: sentences. This is a necessary stage because of the vast linguistic
: differences between the source and target language.

第五步

修邊上一個步驟完成的中文翻譯版本的架構與文句。這是個必要的步驟，
因為原文與翻譯文兩個文體有相當的不同。

: Stage 6
: Reverse translation of the Chinese version into Sanskrit in order to verify
: the accuracy in the interpretation of the original text. Mistakes in
: interpretation are to be promptly rectified in the Chinese version.


第六步

將翻譯好的中文版本，轉翻回梵文，以確認翻譯的正確性。
找到的錯誤在中文版本會及時修正。

: Stage 7
: Review of the verified Chinese version to identify errors in usage of
: characters, and refinement in linguistic expressions to improve readability.

第七步

檢查中文版是否有錯別字，同時加強文句使翻譯版本更容易閱讀。

: Stage 8
: Further polishing to improve the literary beauty of the language, adding
: linguistic colours to the otherwise monotonous writing.

第八步

美化文句，使其不單調

: Stage 9
: Verification of the audio quality by reciting the translation aloud. The
: audio effect is important because scriptures are for preaching aloud to an
: audience.

第九步

把翻譯朗誦出來，確認辭句音調品質。音調品質是眾要的，因為經文在講道時，
是需要大聲朗誦給聽眾。

: Stage 10
: Final check by the Master Translator.

第十步

翻譯長的最後檢查

: Conclusion
: Xuan Zang did a great job in the translation of the Buddhist sutras. He was
: not only an outstanding linguist but he was also wholeheartedly committed to
: the task as a devout Buddhist possessing an extraordinary understanding of
: its contents. Indeed, he dedicated thirteen years of his life to the task.
: The task was not simply limited to transforming one language into another. In
: order to effectively spread Buddhism, the sutras in Chinese would have to be
: spiritually understood by the Chinese devotees. In today's context, he had to
: take into account the marketplace. Was it intended for the gentry for whom
: Buddhism depended for their financial support or was it for the less literate
: populace to widen market share or was it for both?

結論

玄奘法師所作的佛經翻譯是非常出色的。他不單單是個出色的語言家，
也是虔誠認真且充分瞭解佛經的佛教徒。
的確，他花費了他人生中的13年去完成這任務。
這個任務不單單指是把一個文體轉換成另外一個。
為了有效的宣揚佛法，翻譯的經典必須要讓所有中國信徒完全瞭解。
以現代的講法，他需要瞭解這個市場。
這是翻譯給給與佛教徒經濟支援的紳士們？
還是給比較沒文化教養的一般大眾？還是兩者都是？

--
※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc)
◆ From: 58.34.150.82
※ 編輯: lilneige        來自: 58.34.150.82         (05/31 16:03)
推 kkshxt:感謝翻譯！
推 hallcom:謝謝翻譯，我英文很爛
推 buddhanature:感謝翻譯!
推 AHJKL:大心
→ kennykou:說到玄奘菩薩，我對現在扮悟空玩唐僧，覺得非常的不舒服
→ kennykou:誰都可以搞，但就是不能搞三藏法師。 看他們這樣玩
→ kennykou:悲痛
推 AHJKL:日前網路遊戲悟空取經，以此為淫邪戲論，不可不慎！
→ a3435357:還好啦，就算是原版的西遊記小說，其實也在搞玄奘法師XD
→ AHJKL:沒有西遊記的話，玄奘取經跟法顯取經一樣，只是大一點而已。
→ AHJKL:而日前網路遊戲悟空取經，已有淫穢之意，不可不慎果報
→ AHJKL:吳承恩西遊記,佛教褒貶不一，但肯定的站多數。
→ visorkk:推