課程名稱：哲學概論
課程性質：必修
開課教師：林從一老師
開課學院：文學院
開課系級：哲學一
考試日期(年月日)：2009/01/14
考試時限(Mins)：180 mins
試題本文：
Instruction: You must answer (1), (4), (5) and one of (2) and (3).
1. G.E. Moore argues that there can only be one answer to the question "What
is good?", that is: good is good, or, alternatively, 'good' is indefinalbe.
Describe an evaluate Moore's argument(s). Make sure in you answer to
include explanations of the concept of "naturalistic fallacy" and that of
"open question technique."
2. 請說明康德對於hypothetical imperative及categorical imperative的區分。你可
以參考以下的資料以進行說明，你也可以完全忽略它。
* For Kant, moral value is determined ultimately by the nature of the
intention of the agent, which in turn is determined by the nature of what
he (Kant) calls the general maxim or subjective principle underlying a
person's action. One follow a hypothetical imperative when one's maxim does
not presume an unconditional end, a goal (like the fulfillment of duty)
that one should have irrespective of all sensible desires, but rather a
"material end" dependent on contingent inclinations (e.g., the directive
"get this food," in order to feel happy). In contrast, a categorical
imperative is a directive saying that what ought to be done from the
perspective of pure reason alone; it is categorical commands is not
contingent on sensible circumstances and it always carries overriding value.
The general formula of the categorical imperative is to act only according
to those maxims that can be consistently willed as a universal law -
something said to be impossible for maxims aimed merely at material ends.
In accepting this imperative, we are doubly self-determined, for we are not
only determining our action freely, as Kant believes humans do in all
exercises of the faculty of choice; we are also accepting a principle whose
content is determined by that which is absolutely essential to us as
agents, namely our pure practical reason. We thus are following our own law
and so have autonomy when we accept the categorical imperative; otherwise
we fall into heteronomy, or the (free) acceptance of principles whose
content is determined independently of the essential nature of our own
ultimate being, which is rational.
3. 請說明康德並評價所主張的the principle of universalizability。說明它的內容、
它如何決定合道德的判斷。在你的評價中請包括它所面臨的困難。你可以參考上題所
提供的資料以進行說明，你也可以完全忽略它。
4. 請說明囚犯悖論如何支持政府存在的合理性。你贊成嗎？為什麼？
5. 請在Plato的Apology中界定出一個論證並評價它。
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