Olympic Start Gun Gives Advantage to Runners on Inside Lanes
奧運發令槍對內道選手有利
(原文出處(幫縮XD): http://0rz.tw/nyCYo)
In races where milliseconds count, runners can't afford any type of
disadvantage
在毫秒之間決勝的比賽，跑者將無法承擔任何劣勢。
Unfortunately for this year's Olympians, the use of an old technology will
give a slight advantage to the runners assigned to the inside lanes of the
track.
不幸的是，今年的奧運選手，在舊技術的使用下，使得分配到內道的跑者有著
些微的優勢。
This problem is introduced because "loud guns" are still employed at the
Olympics Games.
此問題被提出是因為奧運上仍然使用「有聲的發令槍」。
These are starting guns that fire blank cartridges, creating a loud
"bang"to alert athletes of the start.
發令槍發射空包彈，發出響亮的"ㄅㄧㄤˋ"，以提醒運動員比賽開始。
Although sound travels through air very quickly, it does have a finite speed,
meaning that the runners closest to the gun will hear the blast first.
雖然聲音在空中的傳遞非常快，但它有一個極限，這意味著最接近發令槍的選手將
會第一個聽到鳴槍。
This becomes especially significant in races such as the 4x100m relay, where
the starters are staggered around the first turn of the track.
這在徑賽中變的特別重要，像4x100米接力：第一棒將將無法在第一個彎道跑出好成績。
Scientists have calculated that the sound of the gun in such a race will reach
the outermost runner 0.150 seconds after it reaches the innermost runner.
科學家們計算出在這種競賽中，最外道選手會慢最內道選手0.150秒聽到槍聲。
This is a big deal in sprinting - amounting to a meter or more at the finish
line.
這在衝刺上是相當大的差距-在終點前大概會相當於1米或更多。
Furthermore, the sound of the gun is louder when it arrives at the closer
runners' ears.
此外，槍聲在較靠近的跑者耳中將會顯得較大聲。
Scientists at the University of Alberta have found that a louder signal is
more likely to lead to a startle response in runners, lowering their
reaction time by up to 0.018 seconds.
亞伯達大學的科學家發現，響亮的信號更可能在跑者身上導致驚嚇，可增加其反應時間多
達0.018秒。
Most modern track events now place loudspeakers behind the blocks of each
runner.
現在大多數的徑賽項目會在每位跑者的起跑架後方都放上揚聲器。
These loudspeakers are designed to all give a tone at precisely the same
moment, and the gun that the starting official holds is actually silent,
producing no sound of its own.
這些揚聲器是用來精確的在同一時刻發出信號，而官方在起點使用的槍實際上是安靜
的，並不會製造任何的聲音。
This technique guarantees that each runner will hear the start tone at the
same moment as the other runners.
這項技術保證每名參賽者將會和其他選手同時聽到起跑訊號。
Although these loudspeakers are employed at the Olympics, a silent gun is not
used, and researchers have found that the runners actually respond to the
sound of the gun when both are available.
雖然奧運會時使用這些揚聲器，而不使用無聲的槍，而且研究人員發現，跑者都會對這些
槍聲反應，在兩者都可用的時候。
The effects of this phenomenon were confirmed at the 2004 Athens Olympics.
這個現象的影響在2004年雅典奧運會時被證實。
Researchers at the University of Indiana found that the runners in the outside
lanes were slower out of the blocks by the amount predicted by the speed of
sound.
印第安納大學的研究員發現，在外道的跑者會比較慢離開起跑器s
The problem could reach even further than expected, as a bad start will often
affect an athlete's entire race.
這個問題的影響甚至超過預期，一個糟糕的開局，往往影響了運動員的整個競賽。
Runners may tense up and perform worse after a relatively poor start.
在一個相對糟糕的開始後，跑者將會緊張而且表現得更糟。
The International Association of Athletics Federations says is is aware of
this problem and is developing new standards to correct it.
國際田徑聯合會說他們意識到這個問題，並正在制定新的標準來修正它。
Yet, amazingly, it sees no need to make emergency changes before the Beijing
Olympics.
但令人驚訝的，他們認為沒有必要在北京奧運會前進行修改。
--
幫大家翻譯一下@@
> 作者: emotion (lalala~) 站內: FieldTrack
> 標題: Re: 不公平的奧運起跑鳴槍
> 時間: 2010/01/09 Sat 01:23:36
>
>
> 靜音鳴槍
> http://www.elitefeet.com/olympic-start-gun-gives-advantage-to-runners-on-inside-lanes
>
>
> Most modern track events now place loudspeakers behind the blocks
> of each runner. These loudspeakers are designed to all give a tone at
> precisely the same moment, and the gun that the starting official holds
> is actually silent, producing no sound of its own. This technique
> guarantees that each runner will hear the start tone at the same moment
> as the other runners. Although these loudspeakers are employed at the
> Olympics, a silent gun is not used, and researchers have found that the
> runners actually respond to the sound of the gun when both are available.
>
>
> --
> ◤◥ Origin: 國立臺灣師範大學˙精靈之城 bbs.ntnu.edu.tw
> ◣◢ Author: emotion 從 184pc94.csie.ntnu.edu.tw 發表
--
◤◥ Origin: 國立臺灣師範大學˙精靈之城 bbs.ntnu.edu.tw
◣◢ Author: JTR 從 39.156.mdorm.ntnu.edu.tw 發表
→ racer 推：0.150 seconds 那一段有一點奇怪。 10/01/09
→ racer 推：音速≒340m/s，第一道距第八道1.25m*7＝8.75m， 10/01/09
→ racer 推：8.75m÷340m/s≒0.026s，跟一至七道那段所言差不多。 10/01/09
→ racer 推：發令裁判不會站在100m起跑線的延長線上，依三角不等 10/01/09
→ racer 推：式，第一道至第八道反應時間差距會小於0.026秒。 10/01/09
→ racer 推：若以0.021秒來計，那第n道會比第n+1道跑者快0.003秒 10/01/09
→ racer 推：起跑（n為正整數）。400m的起跑線對發令裁判來說，等 10/01/09
→ racer 推：於是以發令裁判為圓心的同一圓上八個點，所以每道跑 10/01/09
→ racer 推：者的反應時間期望值是一樣的。 10/01/09