課程名稱︰普通生物學乙
課程性質︰系必修
課程教師︰郭典翰（與李心予、林雨德合開）
開課學院：醫學院
開課系所︰醫學系
考試日期（年月日）︰2013/6/18
考試時限（分鐘）：110分鐘
是否需發放獎勵金：是，謝謝
（如未明確表示，則不予發放）
試題：
PART ONE：Multiple-Choice Questions（78 points, 1.5 points each）
Select one best answer to the following questions.
1.You just received a freshwater aquarium as a gift and decide to add more
fish. When you get to the pet store, you find that the most beautiful fish
are saltwater animals, but you decide to buy them anyway. What will happen
when you put your expensive saltwater fish in your freshwater aquarium？
A. Nothing: the fish will live normally.
B. The fish will get larger more quickly in the healthier conditions of fresh
water.
C. In the better conditions of fresh water, the fish adjust and do better
than in salt water.
D. The cells of the fish will take up too much water, and the fish will die.
E. The fish will dehydrate and die.
2.Urea is produced in the
A. bladder from uric acid and H2O.
B. liver from NH3 and CO2.
C. kidneys from glucose.
D. liver from glycogen.
E. kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids.
3.Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation
or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.
A. Malpighian tubule ─ frog
B. Metanephridium ─ flatworm
C. Flame bulb ─ snake
D. Kidney ─ insect
E. Exchange across the body surface ─ marine invertebrate
4.If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production
would
A. increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.
B. come to a complete halt.
C. decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.
D. decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma.
E. increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma.
5.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by
A. stimulating the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins.
B. decreasing the speed at which filtrate flows through the nephron, leading
to increased reabsorption of water.
C. causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting
duct cells.
D. triggering the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer
more permeable to water.
E. causing membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated
fatty acids.
6.Testosterone functions inside a cell by
A. binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates
specific genes
B. acting as a steroid signal receptor that activates ion channel proteins.
C. becoming a second messenger that inhibits nitric oxide.
D. coordinating a phosphorylation cascade that increases spermatogenesis.
E. acting as a signal receptor that activates tyrosine kinases.
7.Which of the following amino acids are most frequently phosphorylated by
protein kinases in the cytoplasm during signal transduction？
A. tyrosine, serine and threonine
B. glycine and glutamic acid
C. glycine and histidine
D. Any of the 20 amino acids are equally phosphorylated.
8.Why can a signaling molecule cause different responses in different cells？
A. The transduction process is unique to each cell type; to respond to a
signal, different cells require only a similar membrane receptor.
B. Different cells possess different enzymes, which modify the signaling
molecule into different molecules after it has arrived.
C. Different cells have membrane receptors that bind to different sides of
the signaling molecule.
D. The transduction pathway in cells has a variable length.
E. All of the above are correct.
9.A paracrine signal that relaxes smooth muscle cells is
A. cortisol.
B. testosterone.
C. nitric oxide.
D. antidiuretic hormone.
E. vitamin D.
10.The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary differ in that
A. the posterior pituitary gland synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic
hormone whereas the anterior lobe receives all of its hormone products
in the blood.
B. the anterior lobe of the pituitary receives neuronal impulses from brain
cells whereas the posterior lobe receives blood-borne hormones.
C. the posterior lobe of the pituitary operates independently of the brain
whereas the anterior lobe is directly dependent on brain activity.
D. the anterior lobe of the pituitary is nervous tissue that connects
directly to the brain whereas the posterior pituitary is derived from
non-neural tissues.
E. responses by targets of the posterior pituitary secretions are very rapid
whereas the secretions of the anterior pituitary cause growth of the
targets.
11.Endocrine structures derived from nervous tissue include the
A. thymus and the thyroid.
B. liver and the pancreas.
C. ovaries and the testes.
D. posterior pituitary gland and the adrenal medulla.
E. nterior pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex.
12.A fantasy movie features a caterpillar that never matures into an adult,
but simply gets larger and larger with each molt. It might be possible that
the caterpillar did not mature into an adult because of
A. a lack of ecdysone.
B. a lack of juvenile hormone.
C. a decreased level of ecdysone.
D. a lack of melatonin.
E. an increased level of juvenile hormone.
13.In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose
from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone
A. thyroxine.
B. glucagon.
C. epinephrine.
D. ACTH.
E. cortisol.
14.When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood,
A. the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucose into the blood.
B. the liver catabolizes glycogen.
C. the kidneys begin gluconeogenesis.
D. the blood glucose levels rise to a set point and stimulate glucagon
release.
E. the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster
rate.
15.Jet lag occurs when a person moves rapidly from one time zone to another,
causing conflict between the body's biological rhythm and the new cycle of
light and dark. Some scientists suspect that jet lag may result from
disruption of the daily cycle of secretion of the hormone known as
A. epinephrine.
B. melatonin.
C. insulin.
D. estrogen.
E. prolactin.
16.Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among
invertebrate animals？
A. Fission and budding
B. Hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis
C. External and internal fertilization
D. Pheromonal and hormonal coordination
E. Sexual and asexual reproduction
17.Animals with reproduction dependent on internal fertilization need not have
A. a receptacle that receives sperm.
B. any copulatory organs.
C. haploid gametes.
D. internal development of embryos.
E. behavioral interaction between males and females.
18.In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following
ovulation become
A. the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus.
B. the thickened portion of the uterine wall.
C. a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum.
D. swept into the fallopian tube.
E. the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses.
19.Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the
A. Leydig cells.
B. sperm cells.
C. seminiferous tubules.
D. anterior pituitary gland.
E. hypothalamus.
20.In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that
A. oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before
birth.
B. cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in
spermatogenesis.
C. spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but
oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born.
D. oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces
only one functional spermatozoon.
E. oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis
begins during embryonic development.
21.An inactivating mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely
result in
A. the absence of secondary sex characteristics.
B. the absence of mammary gland development.
C. enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium.
D. the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy.
E. the absence of pituitary gonadotropin hormones.
22.A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the
brain is
A. follicle-stimulating hormone.
B. progesterone.
C. estradiol.
D. testosterone.
E. gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
23.In an egg cell treated with EDTA, a chemical that binds calcium and
magnesium ions, the
A. acrosomal reaction would be blocked.
B. fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked.
C. fertilization envelope would not be formed.
D. zygote would not contain maternal and paternal chromosomes.
E. fast block to polyspermy would not occur.
24.From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds
in which of the following sequences？
A. cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → first cell division →
synthesis of embryo's DNA begins
B. first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins →
acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction
C. acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → first cell division →
synthesis of embryo's DNA begins
D. acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction →
synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → first cell division
E. cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins →
acrosomal reaction → first cell division
25.Which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental
milestones？
A. blastula → gastrula → cleavage
B. cleavage → blastula → gastrula
C. gastrula → blastula → cleavage
D. blastula → cleavage → gastrula
E. cleavage → gastrula → blastula
26.In a frog embryo, gastrulation
A. produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere.
B. occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of
yolk.
C. occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere.
D. proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore.
E. is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the ovum.
27.Gases are exchanged in a mammalian embryo in the
A. chorion.
B. amnion.
C. trophoblast.
D. yolk sac.
E. hypoblast.
28.In humans, identical twins are possible because
A. early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated.
B. of interactions between extraembryonic cells and the zygote nucleus.
C. of the heterogeneous distribution of cytoplasmic determinants in
unfertilized eggs.
D. the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells.
E. of convergent extension.
29.Select the choice that correctly associates the organ with its embryonic
sources.
A. anterior pituitary gland ─ mesoderm and endoderm
B. adrenal gland ─ ectoderm and mesoderm
C. thyroid gland ─ mesoderm and ectoderm
D. brain ─ mesoderm and endoderm
E. skin ─ endoderm and mesoderm
30.The development precursors to the gonadal tissues of C. elegans uniquely
contain
A. P granules of mRNA and protein.
B. T tubules for the propagation of action potentials.
C. haploid proteins.
D. high concentrations of potassium ions.
E. proteins of maternal origin.
31.An embryonic cell that is "totipotent" is one that can
A. redistribute yolk from the vegetal to the animal pole of the frog embryo.
B. move mesoderm cells in the blastocoel.
C. by itself, give rise to the entire embryo, as cleavage proceeds.
D. migrate into the center of the blastula during gratrulation.
E. organize the blastula.
32.Saltatory conduction is a term applied to
A. an action potential that skips the axon hillock in moving from the
dendritic region to the axon terminal.
B. jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next in a myelinated neuron.
C. jumping from one neuron to an adjacent neuron.
D. conduction of impulses across electrical synapses.
E. rapid movemento
33.The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical
synapse.
┌───────────────────────────────────┐
│1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the │
│ postsynapic membrane. │
│2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. │
│3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the axon terminal. │
│4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. │
│5. The synapic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic │
│ cleft. │
└───────────────────────────────────┘
A. 5 → 1 → 2 → 4 → 3
B. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
C. 2 → 3 → 5 → 4 → 1
D. 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 5
E. 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4
◎ For the following questions（34～36）, refer to the graph of an action
potential to the right（附圖：http://i.imgur.com/qUUVwJL.png）
34.The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for
potassium at label ＿.
35.The minimum granded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated
sodium channels is indicated by the label ＿.
36.The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as
the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have
opened at label ＿.
37.The "undershoot" phase of after-hyperpolarization is due to
A. slow restorative actions of the sodium-potassium ATPase.
B. slow opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.
C. sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels.
D. rapid opening of voltage-gated calcium channels.
E. ions that move away from their open ion channels.
38.An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) occurs in a membrane made more
permeable to
A. sodium ions.
B. potassium ions.
C. calcium ions.
D. all neurotransmitter molecules.
E. ATP.
39.Assume that a single IPSP has a negative magnitude of -0.5mV at the axon
hillock, and that a single EPSP has a positive magnitude of +0.5mV. For a
neuron with an initial memebrane potential of -70mV, the net effect of the
simultaneous arrival of six IPSPs and two EPSPs would be to move the
membrane potential to
A. -72 mV.
B. -71 mV.
C. -70 mV.
D. -69 mV.
E. -68 mV.
40.The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have
A. bilateral symmetry.
B. a closed circulatory system.
C. excitable membrane.
D. radial symemetry.
E. a complete gut.
41.The system that modulates excitation and inhibition of smooth and cardiac
muscles of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory system is the
A. motor system.
B. central nervous system.
C. autonomic nervous system.
D. parasympathetic nervous system.
E. sympathetis nervous system.
42.Central coordination of verterbrate biological rhythms in physiology and
behavior reside in the
A. thalamus.
B. cerebellum.
C. cerebrum.
D. pituitary gland.
E. suprachiasmatic nuclei.
43.Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because
A. they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the
surface of the water while they sleep.
B. they alternate which half of their brains is asleep and which half is
awake.
C. they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep
their blowholes above the surface of the water.
D. they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval
they can cease breathing.
E. they cease breathing while sleeping and remain underwater.
44.The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal
A. develops from the midbrain.
B. is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates.
C. develops as the neural tube differentiates.
D. divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
E. gives rise to the cerebrum.
45.Failure of an embryonic neuron to establish a synaptic connection to another
cell
A. result in the apoptosis of that neuron.
B. causes the neuron to migrate to another part of the brain.
C. leads to Alzheimer's disease.
D. converts that neuron to an ependymal cell.
E. converts that neuron to a glial cell.
46.The sand grains or other dense materials resting on mechanoreceptors used by
most inverterbrates to sense gravity are called
A. stapes.
B. pinnae.
C. statoliths.
D. cochlea.
E. antennae.
47.The cellular membrane across which ion flow varies during auditory
transduction is the
A. tympanic membrane.
B. basilar membrane.
C. hair cell membrane.
D. tectorial membrane.
E. round-window membrane.
48.Lateral inhibition via amacrine cells in the mammalian retina
A. prevents bleaching in bright light.
B. underlies habituation of vision.
C. enhances visual contrast.
D. recycles neurotransmitter molecules.
E. is requires for color vision to occur.
49.The ratio of expressed receptor types to taste cells is
A. 1：～100
B. ～100：1
C. ～1,000：1
D. 1：1
E. ～10：1
50.A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will
A. sequester all free calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B. immediately relax.
C. fire many more action potentials than usual and center a state of
"rigor."
D. enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate.
E. release all actin-myosin bonds.
51.Which of the following is the corrcet sequence that describes the excitation
and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber？
┌───────────────────────────────────┐
│1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites. │
│2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex. │
│3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum. │
│4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the │
│ heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP. │
│5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release │
│ acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane. │
└───────────────────────────────────┘
A. 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4
B. 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 → 5
C. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
D. 5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4
E. 2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4
52.Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle all have
A. motor units.
B. thick and thin filaments.
C. transverse tubules.
D. gap junctions.
E. A bands and I bands.
PART TWO：Answer each of the following questions.（22 points）
1.How can a simple light-detecting organ such as ocellus of the planarian
sense the direction of light？（4 points）
2.Define the term polyspermy.（3 points）
What are the mechanism of fast block and slow block to polyspermy？
（6 points）
3.Describe the role of descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle in
the reabsorption of water and solute in mammalian nephron.（6 points）
From which structure does urea enter interstitial fluid to establish high
osmolarity in inner medulla？（3 points）
BONUS POINTS（10 points）
1.Axolotl is a neotenic salamander that can reach sexual maturation without
undergoing metamorphosis. What is the hormonal mechanism cause neotenic
development in axolotl？（4 points）
2.Bdelloid rotifer is unique among metazoans because it is the only known
animal taxon without the male sex. How do the female-only bdelloids
reproduce？（3 points）What is the evolutionary consequence of this mode
of reproduction？（3 points）
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