課程名稱︰經濟學原理與實習
課程性質︰必修 / 通識A5*
課程教師︰駱明慶
開課學院：社會科學院
開課系所︰經濟系
考試日期（年月日）︰98.01.12
考試時限（分鐘）：110
是否需發放獎勵金：是
（如未明確表示，則不予發放）
試題 :
請在答案卷上清楚標明題號。
一、選擇題, 回答正確選項即可, 不需說明。 每題2分, 共40分。
1. Private markets usually fail to provide lighthouses because
(a)lighthouses cost too much to build relative to their benefits.
(b)government intervention makes it hard for private lighthouse owners to
compete in the market.
(c)ship captains have incentives to use lighthouses without paying.
(d)lighthouses are valued very little by ship captains these days.
2. Suppose the government imposes a tax of 10 percent on the first $40,000 of
income and 20 percent on all income above $40,000. What are the tax liability
and the marginal tax rate for a person whose income is $50,000?
(a)12 percent and 20 percent, respectively
(b)12 percent and $50,000, respectively
(c)$6,000 and 12 percent, respectively
(d)$6,000 and 20 percent, respectively
3. A competitive firm has been selling its output for $10 per unit and has been
maximizing its profit. Then, theprice rises to $14 and the firm makes whatever
adjustments are necessary to maximize its profit at the nowhigher price. Once
the firm has adjusted, which of the following statements is correct?
(a)The firm’s marginal revenue is lower than it was previously.
(b)The firm’s marginal cost is lower than it was previously.
(c)The firm’s quantity of output is higher than it was previously.
(d)All of the above are correct.
4. Martha and Oleg are competitors in a local market and each is trying to
decide if it is worthwhile to advertise.If both of them advertise, each will
earn a profit of $5,000. If neither of them advertise, each will earn a profit
of $10,000.If one advertises and the other doesn't,then the one who advertises
will earn a profit of $15,000 and the other will earn $7,000. To make the most
money, Martha
(a)should advertise, and she will earn $5,000.
(b)should advertise, and she will earn $15,000.
(c)should not advertise, and she will earn $10,000.
(d)has no dominant strategy.
5. Which of the following statements is false?
(a)The marginal cost of the fifth unit of output equals the total cost of five
units minus the total cost of fourunits.
(b)The total variable cost of seven units equals the average variable cost of
seven units times seven.
(c)If marginal cost is rising, then average variable cost must be rising.
(d)The marginal cost of the fifth unit of output equals the total variable cost
of five units minus the total variable cost of four units.
6. When a factory is operating in the short run,
(a)it cannot alter variable costs.
(b)total cost and variable cost are usually the same.
(c)average fixed cost rises as output increases.
(d)it cannot adjust the quantity of fixed inputs.
7. If there were a steady decrease in demand for a product produced in a
competitive market(assuming constantcost industry), we would predict that
(a)firms will gradually leave the industry and the productive capacity of the
industry will shrink.
(b)firms will modernize capital equipment in order to increase efficiency.
(c)existing firms will increase output levels to recover losses.
(d)the industry will expand as new, more efficient firms enter.
8. The Wheeler Wheat Farm sells wheat to a grain broker in Seattle, Washington.
Since the market for wheat isgenerally considered to be competitive, the
Wheeler Wheat Farm maximizes its profit by choosing
(a)to produce the quantity at which average variable cost is minimized.
(b)to produce the quantity at which average fixed cost is minimized.
(c)to sell its wheat at a price where marginal cost is equal to average total
cost.
(d)the quantity at which market price is equal to the farm’s marginal cost of
production.
9. Mrs. Smith is operating a firm in a competitive market. The market price is
$6.50. At her profit-maximizinglevel of output, her average total cost of
production is $7.00 and her average variable cost of production is $6.00.
(a)Mrs. Smith is earning a loss and should shutdown in the short run.
(b)Mrs. Smith is earning a loss but should continue to operate in the short run.
(c)Mrs. Smith is earning a profit since the price is above the average variable
cost.
(d)Without knowing Mrs. Smith’s marginal cost we cannot determine whether she
should stay in businessor shut down.
10.Suppose when a monopolist produces 75 units its average revenue is $10 per
unit, its marginal revenue is $5 per unit, its marginal cost is $6 per unit,
and its average total cost is $5 per unit. What can we conclude about this
monopolist?
(a)The monopolist is currently maximizing profits and its total profits are$375.
(b)The monopolist is currently maximizing profits and its total profits are$300.
(c)The monopolist is not currently maximizing profits; it should produce more
units and charge a lowerprice to maximize profits.
(d)The monopolist is not currently maximizing profits; it should produce fewer
units and charge a higherprice to maximize profits.
11.If a monopolist is able to perfectly price discriminate,
(a)consumer surplus is always increased.
(b)total surplus is always decreased.
(c)consumer surplus and deadweight losses are transformed into monopoly profits
(d)the price effect dominates the output effect on monopoly revenue.
12.One key difference between an oligopoly market and a competitive market is
that oligopolistic firms
(a)are price takers while competitive firms are not.
(b)can affect the profit of other firms in the market by the choices they make
while firms in competitivemarkets do not affect each other by the choices
they make.
(c)sell completely unrelated products while competitive firms do not.
(d)sell their product at a price equal to marginal cost while competitive firms
do not.
13.As a group, oligopolists earn the highest profit when they
(a)achieve a Nash equilibrium.
(b)produce a total quantity of output that falls short of the Nash-equilibrium
total quantity.
(c)produce a total quantity of output that exceeds the Nash-equilibrium total
quantity.
(d)charge a price that falls short of the Nash-equilibrium price.
14.In monopolistically competitive markets, free entry and exit suggests that
(a)the market structure will eventually be characterized by perfect competition
in the long run.
(b)all firms earn zero economic profits in the long run.
(c)some firms will be able to earn economic profits in the long run.
(d)some firms will be forced to incur economic losses in the long run.
15.A firm in a monopolistically competitive market is similar to a monopoly in
the sense that
(i) they both face downward-sloping demand curves.
(ii) they both charge a price that exceeds marginal cost.
(iii)free entry and exit determines the long-run equilibrium.
(a) (i) only (b) (ii) only (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (i), (ii), and (iii)
16.In a long-run equilibrium,
(a)"excess capacity” applies to monopolistically competitive firms, but not to
competitive firms.
(b)"zero economic profit” applies to competitive firms, but not to
monopolistically competitive firms.
(c)“markup over marginal cost” applies to both monopolistically competitive
and competitive firms.
(d)"product variety externalities” apply to both perfectly competitive firms
and monopolistically competitivefirms.
17.Suppose medical research provides evidence that eating bananas provides far
greater health benefits than waspreviously thought. The resulting increase in
the demand for bananas
(a)increases the marginal product of banana pickers for any given number of
banana pickers.
(b)increases the value of the marginal product of banana pickers for any given
number of banana pickers.
(c)increases the supply of banana pickers.
(d)All of the above are correct.
18.On average, electricians who work on dangerous high-voltage power lines earn
more per hour than similarlyskilled electricians who don’t work on dangerous
high-voltage power lines. The difference in pay is attributed to
(a)the marginal product of labor.
(b)the marginal product of capital.
(c)diminishing marginal returns.(d) a compensating differential.
19.A signaling theory of education suggests that educational attainment
(a)is a signal of high marginal productivity.
(b)is correlated with natural ability.
(c)increases the productivity of low-ability workers.
(d)Both (a) and (b) are correct.
20.Which of the following statements is characteristic of utilitarianism?
(a)An extra dollar of income provides higher marginal utility to a poor person than to a rich person.
(b)Social policies should be created behind a “veil of ignorance.”
(c)Society should strive to maximize the utility of its wealthiest member.
(d)Equality of opportunity is more important than equality of incomes.
二、非選擇題, 共60分。
答題時請適當說明你的想法, 計算題請說明推理過程, 答案內容以讓閱卷人瞭解為原則。
1. (15%)
日月潭有許多魚, 吸引漁夫前往捕魚。 只有一位漁夫時, 一天可以補25條魚,
兩位漁夫時, 每位漁夫一天可以補24條魚, 其餘情況如下表。
漁夫人數 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
每人每天魚獲量 25 24 23 22 18 14 10 6 0
假設每個人來日月潭捕魚的機會成本為每天6條魚, 即另一個活動的價值為6條魚, 請問
(a) (6%)
有多少漁夫會來日月潭捕魚? 他們共捕了多少魚? 此時日月潭對於社會的總剩餘為何?
(b) (4%)
由社會的角度而言, 來日月潭捕魚的漁夫的的最適人數為何? 此時社會的總剩餘為何?
(c) (2%)
由 (a) 和 (b) 之人數比較, 可以看到日月潭的魚被過度捕捉, 經濟學上稱日月潭的魚
有何屬性, 而導致過度使用的問題?
(d) (3%)
為了改善 (c) 的問題, 政府決定對到日月潭捕魚徵收入場費 (以幾條魚計算),
入場費用為多少時可以使日月潭的使用達成社會效率?
2. (15%)
假設檳榔攤為完全競爭市場,每家檳榔攤的成本結構都相同,總成本為TC(q)=600+0.375q^2
,其中固定成本為 $600, 由總成本可以算出邊際成本MC(q)=0.75q。
假設市場總需求為QD = 18000 - 400P。
(a) (3%)
請寫出檳榔攤的平均成本函數AC(q)。
(b) (5%)
短期時, 檳榔的價格為36, 此時每個檳榔攤的產量為何? 平均成本多少? 利潤多少?
市場交易量多少? 市場上共有幾家檳榔攤?
(c) (2%)
由 (b), 長期均衡時檳榔攤數目應該多於或少於70家?
(d) (5%)
長期均衡時, 市場價格多少? 市場交易量多少? 每家檳榔攤產量多少?
有幾家檳榔攤? 每家檳榔攤利潤多少?
3. (15%)
市場上只有兩家寡佔廠商: 大祥與小霞。 兩人只能選擇生產30單位、40單位或50單位。
市場需求如下表:
P 10 9 8 7 6
Q 60 70 80 90 100
舉例來說, 若大祥生產30單位, 小霞生產40單位, 此時總產量為70單位, 市場價格為 $9。
為簡化分析, 假設生產成本為 $0, 故利潤等於收入。 兩人皆追求利潤極大。
(a) (6%) 請完成兩人的產量與利潤關係表。
小霞
大祥 30 40 50
30 ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
40 ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
50 ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
(b) (3%)
請問大祥是否有優勢策略? 如果有, 請寫出他的優勢策略。
(c) (3%)
請找出 Nash 均衡, 並指出在 Nash 均衡時, 兩人利潤各是多少?
(d) (3%)
是否有其他產量組合, 可以『同時』讓兩人的利潤都比 (c) 小題的利潤高?
如果有, 請找出來。 如果沒有, 請說明為什麼。
4. (15%)
假設 T、C 兩國都只生產同一產品, 其生產函數均為Q = 6‧√K‧√L,
因此勞動的邊際產量MPL=(3‧√K)/√L,資本的邊際產量MPK = (3‧√L)/√K。
假設兩國的勞動供給無彈性, 任何工資之下 T、C 兩國都各有100和900個勞工想工作,
產品的價格 P 均為1元。 此外, 兩國的生產均為完全競爭市場, 其資本總量 K 分別為
KT = 400,KC = 100。 請問:
(a) (5%)
T、C 兩國勞工的工資WT 與WC 各為多少? WT/WC =?(即WT 為WC 的幾倍?)
(b) (3%)
如果 T、C 兩國准許勞工自由移動, 但資本不能自由流動, 假設勞工移動不需成本,
請問勞工將由T國移向 C 國, 還是由 C 國移向 T 國?
(c) (5%)
承上, 勞工自由移動後, T、C 兩國最終將各有多少勞工? 兩國工資各為多少?
相較於開放勞工自由移動前, T國的工資增加或減少?
(d) (2%)
由 (c) 的分析, T 國的勞工會贊成或反對開放勞工自由移動的政策?
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