課程名稱︰經濟學一
課程性質︰選修可抵通識
課程教師︰劉錦添
開課學院：社科學院
開課系所︰經濟系
考試日期（年月日）︰2008/01/16
考試時限（分鐘）：140分鐘
是否需發放獎勵金：是
（如未明確表示，則不予發放）
試題 :
A卷
(一)選擇題，每題2分，共50分
1. Suppose that at present there are no laws to restrict pollution produced
by the widget industry. The market price of a widget is $20. Under what
circumstances should the government consider taking action to reduce
pollution by the widget industry?
a. If the cost imposed by the pollution is less than $20 per widget
produced,no action is necessary.
b. If $20 minus the private cost of producing a widget equals the cost of
the pollution generated per widget, then the government should act to
reduce pollution.
c. If $20 minus the private cost of producing a widget is greater than the
cost of the pollution generated per widget, then the government should
act to reduce pollution.
d. If $20 minus the private cost of producing a widget is less than the
cost of the pollution generated per widget, then the government should
act to reduce pollution.
2. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. Pigovian taxes are often preferred over direct regulation because they
typically reduce externalities at a lower cost.
b. Pigovian texes are less preferred than direct regulation because they
typically reduce externalities at a higher cost.
c. Pigovian texes are often preferred over direct regulation because they
typically reduce externalities at a faster rate.
d. Pigovian texes are less preferred than direct regulation because they
typically reduce externalities at a slower rate.
3. When the government reverts to a command-and-control policy to solve an
externality, it
a. is usually the most effective policy option available.
b. creates policies that directly regulate behavior.
c. usually involves taxing consumption of a commodity.
d. typically refers to the Coase theorem to structure the policy.
4. Common resource goods are
a. excludable but not rival.
b. rival but not excludable.
c. both excludable and rival.
d. neither excludable nor rival.
5. When goods are not excludable
a. the good will be produced as a private good but not as a public good.
b. the good will not be produced since no one values it.
c. the free-rider problem prevents the private market from supplying them.
d. everyone can have all they want and good will have a zero price.
6. Accoding to experience, the most effective solution to highway congestion
is to
a. build more roads.
b. set a price for access to roads, which is paid by those who use them.
c. discourage urban sprawl by subsidizing urban apartment rents.
d. All of the above are correct.
7. Four friends decide to meet at a Chinese restaurant for dinner. They decide
that each person will order an item of the menu and they will share all
dishes. When the final bill for the meal comes they decide they will split
the cost evenly among each of the people at the table. When the food is
delivered to the table, each person faces incentives similar to
a. consumption of a common resource good.
b. production of a public good.
c. consumption of a natural monopoly good.
d. production of a private good.
8. Discount coupons have the ability to help a grocery store
a. price discriminate.
b. target its customers based on their individual willingness to pay.
c. maxing its profit.
d. All of the above are correct.
9. The fundamental reason that marginal cost eventually rises as output
increase is because of
a. economies of scale.
b. diseconomies of scale.
c. diminishing margianl product.
d. rising average fixed cost.
10. The long-run average total cost curve is always
a. flatter than the short-run average total cost curve, but not necassarily
horizontal.
b. horizontal.
c. falling as output increases.
d. rising as output increases.
11. When a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market is unable to generate
enough revenue to pay all of its fixed costs it should, in the short run,
a. shut down and incur a loss equal to its fixed costs.
b. shut down until it is able to produce where average revenue exceeds
average fixed cost.
c. continue to produce as long as marginal cost is less than average
revenue.
d. continue to produce as long as total revenue is sufficient to pay
variable costs.
12. If a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market discovers that at its
current level of production price is greater than marginal cost it should
a. shut down.
b. reduce its output, but continue operating.
c. keep output the same.
d. increase its output.
13. One of the most important determinants of the success of free-market
capitalism is
a. enlightened governments selecting firms that should not ne allowed to
exit a market.
b. free entry and exit in market.
c. government regulation of market participants.
d. having a few large firms rather than thousands of small ones.
14. A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market is currently producing
100 units of output. It has average revenue of $10, and its average total
is $8. It follows that the firm's
a. average total cost curve interests the marginal cost curve at an output
level of less than 100 units.
b. average variable cost curve interests the marginal cost curve at an
output level of less than 100 units.
c. profits is $200.
d. All of the above are correct.
15. If competitive firm is currently producing a level of output at which
marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, then
a. average revenue exceeds marginal cost.
b. the firm is earning a positive profit.
c. a one-unit drcrease in output would increase the firm's profit.
d. All of the above are correct.
16. Competitive firms differ from monopolies in which of the following ways?
(i) Competitive firms do not have to worry about the price effect
lowering their total revenue.
(ii) Marginal revenue for a competitive firm equals price, while marginal
revenue for a monopoly is less than the price it is able to charge.
(iii) Monopolies must lower their pruce in order to sell more of their
product, while competitive firms do not.
a. (i) and (ii)
b. (ii) and (iii)
c. (i) and (iii)
d. All of the above are correct.
17. For a monopolist, when does marginal revenueexceed average revenue?
a. Never.
b. When output is less than the profit-maximizing level of output.
c. When output is greater than the profit-maximzing level of output.
d. When price is subject to the Law of Demend.
18. The profit-maximization problem for a monopolist differs from that of a
competitive firm in which if the following way?
a. A competitive firm maximizes profits at the point where marginal
revenue equals marginal cost; a monopolist maximizes profit at the
point where marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost.
b. A competitive firm maximizes profits at the point where average revenue
equals marginal cost; a monopolist maximizes profit at the point where
average revenue exceeds marginal cost.
c. For a competitive firm, marginal revenue at the profit-maximizing level
of output is equal to marginal revenue at all other levels of output;
for a monopolist, marginal revenue at the profit-maximizing level of
output is smaller than it is for larger levels of output.
d. For a profit-maximizing competitive firm, thinking at the margin is
much more important than it is for a profit-maximizing monopolist.
19. The problem with monopolies is their ability
(i) to do away with barriers to entry.
(ii) to price their product at a level that exceeds marginal cost.
(iii) to restrict output below the socially efficient level of production.
a. (i) and (iii)
b. (ii) and (iii)
c. (iii) only
d. All of the above are correct.
20. The difference is total surplus between a socially efficient level of
production and a monopolist's level of production is
a. offset by regulatory revenues.
b. called a deadweight loss.
c. usually small and insignificant.
d. All of the above are correct.
21. In a natural monopoly,
a. society would be better off if anti-trust laws were used to create many
different firms in the market.
b. the marginal cost curve is positively sloped.
c. if the government requires marginal cost pricing, it must pay the
monopolist a subsidy.
d. the marginal revenue curve is horizontal.
22. Price discrimination is a rational strategy for a profit-maximizing
monopolist when
a. the monopolist finds itself able to produce only limited amounts of
output.
b. consumers are unable to be segmented into identifiable markets.
c. the monopolist wishes to increase the deadweight loss that results from
profit-maximizing behavior.
d. there is no opportunity for arbitrage across market segmentations.
23. When a profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive market is
producing the long-run equilibrium quantity,
a. its average revenue will equal its marginal cost.
b. its marginal revenue will exceed its marginal cost.
c. it will be earning positive economic profits.
d. its demand curve will be tangent to its average-total-cost curve.
24. In monopolistically competitive markets, economic profits
a. signal some incumbent firms to exit the market.
b. signal new firms to enter the market.
c. are maintained through government-imposed barriers to entry.
d. are never possible.
25. Which of the following will weaken OPEC's effect on the world price of
oil ?
(i) Member countries abide by the regulatory policy set forth under the
original collusive agreement.
(ii) Member countries increase their own production.
(iii) Member countries set their level of production in order to capture a
larger share of the total profit available.
a. (i) and (ii)
b. (ii) and (iii)
c. (i) and (iii)
d. (i) only
答案:1.dabbc 6.badca 11.ddbdc 16.dabbb 21.cddbb
(二) 問答題，共三題
1. The Pristine River has two pollution firms on its banks, Acme indestrial and
Creative Chemicals each dump 100 tons of glop into the river each year. The
cost of reducing glop emissions per ton equals $10 for Acme and $100 for
Creative. The local government want to reduce overall pollution from 200
tons to 50 tons. (15%)
a. If the government knew the cost of reduction for each firm, what reductions
would it impose to reach its overall goal? What would be the cost to each
firm and the total cost to the firms together?
b. In a more typical situation, the government would not know the cost of
pollution reduction for each firm, If the government decided to reach its
overall goal by imposing uniform reductions on the firms, calculate the
reduction made by each firm, the cost to each firm, and the total cost to
the firms together.
c. Comepare the total cost of pollution reduction in part (a) and (b). If the
government does not know the cost of reduction for each firm, is there
still some way for it to reduce pollution to 50 tons at the total cost you
calculated in part (a)? Explain.
2. Farmer Jones and Farmer Smith graze their cattle on the same field. If there
are 20 cows grazing in the field, each cow produces $4,000 of milk over its
lifetime. If there are more cows in the field, then each cow can eat less
grass, and its milk production falls. With 30 cows on the field, each
produces $3,000 of milk; with 40 cows, each produces $2,000 of milk. Cows
cost $1,000 apiese. (15%)
a. Assume that Famer Jones and Farmer Smith can each purchase either 10 or 20
cows but that neither knows how many the other is buying when she makes her
purchase. Calculate the payoffs of each outcome.
b. What is the likely outcome of this game? What would be the best outcome?
Explain.
c. There used to be more common fields then there are today. Why?
3. You live in a town with 300 adults and 200 children, and you are thinking
about putting on a play to entertain your neighbors and make some money. A
play has a fixed cost of $2,000, but selling an extra ticket has zero
marginal cost. Here are the demand schedules for your two types of customer:
(20%)
Price Adults Children
───────────────────────────
$10 0 0
9 100 0
8 200 0
7 300 0
6 300 0
5 300 100
4 300 200
3 300 200
2 300 200
1 300 200
0 300 200
a. To maximize profit, what price would you charge for an adult ticket? For a
children's ticket? How much profit do you make?
b. The city council passes a law prohibiting you from charging different prices
to different customers. What price do you set for a ticket now? How much
profit do you make?
c. Who is worse off because the law prohibiting price discrimination? Who is
better off? (If you can, quantify the change in welfare.)
d. if the fixed cost of the play were $2,500, how would your answers to parts
(a), (b), and (c) change?
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※ 編輯: kwanajk 來自: 220.137.84.114 (01/20 22:59)