課程名稱︰土壤化學
課程性質︰必修
課程教師︰李達源
開課學院：生物資源暨農學院
開課系所︰農業化學系
考試日期（年月日）︰100/01/12
考試時限（分鐘）：110
是否需發放獎勵金：是
試題 :
1. Distinguish between specific and nonspecific reactions of anions
in soils. Give examples of anions that tend to be specifically
and nonspecifically reactive in soils. (10%)
2. Based on the following solubility diagram, describe the sequence
of events if a soil of pH 7.5 were fertilized to a pH2PO4 level
of 2. (10%)
ａ
0┌ \ ╲↙
│ \ ╲
1├ \ \╲
│ \ \ ╲ 紅色： fluoroapatite
2├ \ \ ╲
│ ↗\ \ ╲ ╱ 白色： hydroxyapatite
3├ ｂ \ \ \╲ ╱╱
│ \ \ \ ╲╱╱ 綠色： dicalcium phosphate
4├ \ \ \╱╳ dihydrate
pH2PO4 │ \ \ ╱\ ╲
5├ \ \╱ \ ╲ 紫色： octocalcium phosphate
│ ╱╱\ \
6├ ╱ \ \ \ 黃色： variscite
│ ｃ ╱╱ \ \ \
7├ ↘╱╱ \ \ \ 藍色： stengite
│ ╱╱ \ \ \
8├ ╱╱↖ \ \ \
│ ╱╱ ｄ \ \ \
9│ ╱ \ \
│ \ \
10└─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┘
２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ pH ψwhaleswin16
3. Give the data below, determine if the adsorption of 2,4,5-T
conforms to the Langmuir [q=(KCb)/(1+KC)] or the Freundlich
(q=KC^n) equations and determine the appropriate adsorption
parameters (K,n,b). You may need to restrict your attention
to a limited concentration range. (10%)
──────────────────────────────────
Initial Solution Final Solution Volume of Weight of
Concentration Concentration Solution Soil
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mL) (g)
──────────────────────────────────
５ ３ 10 ５
10 ６ 10 ５
25 15 10 ５
50 30 10 ５
100 70 10 ５
──────────────────────────────────
ψwhaleswin16
4. Please define and explain the meaning of the Koc of nonionic
organic chemicals. Describe how it affects the extent of sorption
of nonionic organic chemicals by soil solids. (10%)
5. The following figure is the titration curve of a mixture of HCl
and AlCl3 titrated by NaOH. Illustrate the feature of the titration
curve and explain why it is similar to that of an acid soil titrated
by NaOH. (10%)
500 ┌────┬────┬────┬────┬────┐
│ ╭ │
Ｒ │ H:Al=1:3 / │
Ｅ │ / │
Ｓ 400 ├ / ┤8.0
Ｉ │ │ │
Ｓ │ │ │
Ｔ │ resistance↓ ∣ │
Ａ 300 ├ ——————————————┼—╲ ┤6.0
Ｎ │ / ∣ ╲ │ pH
Ｃ │ / ∣ ╲ │
Ｅ │ / potentiometric↓ / ╲ │
︵ 200 ├ / ╭—————————————╯ ╲┤4.0
ohms │/ ／ │
︶ │ ／ │
│／ │
100 └────┴────┴────┴────┴────┘2.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
mmol NaOH ψwhaleswin16
6. Please define and describe how to measure EC, SAR, and RSC of
irrigation water. Explain why they are important indicators of
quality of irrigation water. (10%)
7. What are saline-sodic soils and the disadvantages of those soils
for plant growth? Describe the measurements and criteria needed
for classifying a soil into saline-sodic soils? How to reclaim
saline-sodic soils? (10%)
8. Describe the principle and device for measuring the Eh (redox
potential) of soils. Based on the following diagram, describe
the sequence of possible chemical reactions when a soil with
pH=7 becomes gradually anaerobic. (10%)
1.25┌──────────────┐
Ｒ │---- │
Ｅ │ ---- │
Ｄ 1.00├------------ ┤ (每一種顏色各代表一條直線)
Ｏ │ -- ---------- │
Ｘ │ -- ------------│ 綠色： NO3-←→N2
0.75├ -- ---- ┤
Ｐ │---------- ----│ 紅色： MnO2←→Mn2+
Ｏ │ ---------- │
Ｔ 0.50├ -- --------┤ 白色： FeOOH←→Fe2+
Ｅ │ -- │
Ｎ │ -- │ 藍色： NO3-←→NO2-
Ｔ 0.25├ -- ┤
Ｉ │------ -- │ 紫色： SO4 2-←→H2S
Ａ │ ------ -- │
Ｌ 0.00├------- ------ -- ┤ 黃色： CO2←→CH4
︵ │ ------- ------ --│
Eh │ ------ ----│
︶ -0.25├ -------┤
(volts) │ │
│ │
-0.50└────┴────┴────┘
２ ４ ６ ８ pH ψwhaleswin16
9. What are the forms of the micronutrients in soil solution?
How does their availability change with pH? (10%)
10. Describe how phosphate, arsenate, and chromate in soils could
be affected when upland soils are transformed into waterlogged
soils. (10%)
References:
whaleswin16, 97上 李達源 土壤化學 期末考, 2010, NTU-Exam
whaleswin16, 98上 李達源 土壤化學 期末考, 2010, NTU-Exam
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