課程名稱︰普通生物學乙下
課程性質︰昆蟲農化系必帶
課程教師︰陳香君
開課學院：生命科學院
開課系所︰生命科學系
考試試期（年月日）︰2018.5.14
考試時限（分鐘）：110

試題 :
(A) Single choice (60%, each 1.5%)
 1. What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
 B      A) anabolic pathways
        B) catabolic pathways
        C) fermentation pathways
        D) thermodynamic pathways
        E) bioenergetic pathways
 2. Which of the listed statements describes the results of the following reaction?
 A   C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
        A) C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.
        B) O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced.
        C) CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized.
        D) C6H12O6 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
        E) O2 is reduce and CO2 is oxidized.
 3. What is the major adaptive advantage of cellular respiration?
 C      A) to reduce and electron acceptor molecule
        B) to supply the cell with fied carbon
        C) to produce adenosine tiphosphate(ATP)
        D) to generate oxygen
        E) to utilize glucose
 4. Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
 B      A) electron transport
        B) glycolysis
        C) the citric acid cycle
        D) oxidative phosphorylation
        E) chemiosmosis
 5. Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?
 E      A) 0 percent
        B) 2 percent
        C) 10 percent
        D) 38 percent
        E) 100 percent
 6. Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are _____.
 B      A) 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
        B) 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
        C) 2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP
        D) 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
        E) 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 30 ATP
 7. Glycolysis is active when cellular energy levels are ________; the regulatory enzyme, phosphofructokinase, is ________ by ATP.
 B      A) low; activated
        B) low; inhibited
        C) high; activated
        D) high; inhibited
 8. During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?
 E      A) cytosol
        B) mitochondrial outer membrane
        C) mitochondrial inner membrane
        D) mitochondrial intermembrane space
        E) mitochondrial matrix
 9. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
 B      A) glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
        B) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
        C) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
        D) oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation
        E) fermentation and glycolysis
10. Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is FALSE?
 B      A) Glycolysis is inhibited when cellular energy levels are abundant.
        B) Citric acid cycle activity is dependent solely on availability of substrate; otherwise, it is unregulated.
        C) In the electron transport chain, electrons decrease in energy level as they are transferred from one electron carrier to the next.
        D) Reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the mitochondrial matrix.
11. The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to ________.
 B      A) yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain
        B) act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water
        C) combine with carbon, forming CO2
        D) combine with lactate, forming pyruvate
        E) catalyze the reactions of glycolysis
12. Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
 E      A) glycolysis
        B) fermentation
        C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
        D) citric acid cycle
        E) oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
13. Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
 E      A) CO2 and glucose
        B) H2O and O2
        C) ADP, Pi, and NADP+
        D) electrons and H+
        E) ATP and NADPH
14. When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of ________.
 B      A) reducing NADP+
        B) splitting water molecules
        C) chemiosmosis
        D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I
        E) the electron transfer system of photosystem II
15. In photosynthetic cells, synthes is of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during ________.
 C      A) photosynthesis only
        B) respiration only
        C) photosynthesis and respiration
        D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration
        E) photorespiration only
16. Chlorophylls absorb most light in which colors of the visible range?
 B      A) green and blue
        B) blue and red
        C) green and red
        D) violet and red
17. What event accompanies energy absorption by chlorophyll (or other pigment molecules of the antenna complex)?
 D      A) ATP is synthesized from the energy absorbed.
        B) A carboxylation reaction of the Calvin cycle occurs.
        C) Electrons are stripped from NADPH.
        D) An electron is excited.
18. As electrons are passed through the system of electron carriers associated with photosystem II, they lose energy. What happens to this energy?
 C      A) It excites electrons of the reaction center of photosystem I.
        B) It is lost as heat.
        C) It is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient.
        D) It is used to phosphorylate NAD+ to NADPH, the molecule that accepts electrons from photosystem I.
19. The electrons of photosystem II are excited and transferred to electron carriers. From which molecule or structure do the photosystem II replacement electrons come?
 C      A) the electron carrier, plastocyanin
        B) photosystem I
        C) water
        D) oxygen
20. Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I?
 B      A) harvesting of light energy by ATP
        B) receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain
        C) generation of molecular oxygen
        D) extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water
        E) passing electrons to the cytochrome complex
21. Reactions that require CO2 take place in ________.
 B      A) the light reactions alone
        B) the Calvin cycle alone
        C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
        D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle
        E) the chloroplast, but not as part of photosynthesis
22. CAM plants keep stomata closed in the daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they ________.
 A      A) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
        B) fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells
        C) fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells
        D) use the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which outcompetes rubisco for CO2
        E) use photosystem I and photosystem II at night
23. The value for Ψin root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ= -ﴰ.23 MPa), the net water flow would ________.
 A      A) be from the tissue into the sucrose solution
        B) be from the sucrose solution into the tissue
        C) be in both directions and the concentration of water would remain equal
        D) occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue
        E) be impossible to determine from the values given here
24. What drives the flow of water through the xylem?
 C      A) passive transport by the endodermis
        B) the number of companion cells in the phloem
        C) the evaporation of water from the leaves
        D) active transport by sieve-tube elements
        E) active transport by tracheid and vessel elements
25. Which of the following structural features of plants would NOT be expected to reduce transpiration?
 C      A) thick cuticle on leaves and stems
        B) abundant epidermal hairs on leaves and stems
        C) sunken stomata
        D) stomata on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves
        E) reduced leaf size
26. Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem.
 C   1.Water diffuses into the sieve tubes.
     2.Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis.
     3.Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes.
     4.Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf.
     5.Sugar moves down the stem.
        A) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
        B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
        C) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
        D) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
        E) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
27. Most of the dry mass of a plant is derived from ________.
 E      A) NO3-and CO2
        B) K+ and CO2
        C) PO4 and K+
        D) H2O and K+
        E) H2O and CO2
28. Which of the following soil minerals is most likely leached away during a hard rain in high clay soil?
 D      A) Na+
        B) K+
        C) Ca++
        D) NO3-
        E) H+
29. What is the function of proton pumps localized in the plant plasma membrane?
 E      A) to facilitate diffusion of ions
        B) to transfer phosphorus groups from ATP to proteins
        C) to transfer metal ions across the plasma membrane
        D) to transfer anions across the plasma membrane
        E) to create a membrane potential
30. In what way do nitrogen compounds differ from other minerals needed by plants? Only nitrogen ________.
 B      A) can be lost from the soil
        B) can be provided by symbiotic bacteria
        C) is needed for protein synthesis
        D) is held by cation exchange capacity in the soil
        E) can be absorbed by root hairs
31. Which of the following can be sensed by plants?
 E     I. gravity
      II. Pathogens
     III. Wind
      IV. Light
        A) only I and III
        B) only III and IV
        C) only I, II, and IV
        D) only II, III, and IV
        E) I, II, III, and IV
32. A plant seedling bends toward sunlight because ________.
 D      A) auxin migrates to the lower part of the stem due to gravity
        B) there is more auxin on the light side of the stem
        C) auxin is destroyed more quickly on the dark side of the stem
        D) auxin is found in greatest abundance on the dark side of the stem
        E) gibberellins produced at the stem tip cause phototropism

33. According to the acid-growth hypothesis, auxin works by ________.
 D      A) dissolving sieve plates, permitting more rapid transport of nutrients
        B) dissolving cell membranes temporarily, permitting cells that were on the verge of dividing to divide more rapidly
        C) changing the pH within the cell, permitting the electron transport chain to operate more efficiently
        D) increasing the activity of proton pumps that lower the pH of cell walls, allowing cells to elongate
        E) greatly increasing the rate of deposition of cell wall material
34. Which of the following treatments would increase the level of the Pfr form of phytochrome?
 B      A) exposure to far-red light
        B) exposure to red light
        C) a long dark period
        D) inhibition of protein synthesis
        E) synthesis of phosphorylating enzymes
35. A flash of red light followed by a flash of far-red light given during the middle of the night to a short-day plant will likely ________.
 B      A) cause increased flower production
        B) have no effect upon flowering
        C) inhibit flowering
        D) stimulate flowering
        E) convert florigen to the active form
36. A plant mutant that shows normal gravitropicbending but does not store starch in its plastids would require a reevaluation of the role of ________ in gravitropism.
 C      A) auxin
        B) calcium
        C) amyloplasts
        D) light
        E) differential growth
37. The apical bud of a shoot produces ________, resulting in the inhibition of lateral bud growth.
 E      A) abscisic acid
        B) ethylene
        C) cytokinin
        D) gibberellin
        E) auxin
38. The aleurone layer is stimulated to release ________ as a result of gibberellin release from the embryo.
 D      A) amino acids
        B) carbohydrates
        C) cytokinins
        D) amylase
        E) RNAase
39. The dropping of leaves and fruit are principally controlled by ________.
 D      A) gibberellins
        B) cytokinins
        C) auxins
        D) ethylene
        E) carbon dioxide concentration
40. Which of the following is the most likely plant response to an attack by herbivores?
 C      A) leaf abscission to prevent further loss of tissue
        B) early flowering to reproduce before being eaten
        C) production of chemical compounds for defense or to attract predators of the herbivores
        D) production of physical defenses, such as thorns
        E) production of thicker bark and cuticle to make it more difficult to eat

(B) Matching the following terms (20%; each 1%)
         1) Aquaporin             2) Bulk flow             3) Endodermis
         4) Antiporter            5) Epiphytic             6) Mycorrhizae
         7) Stroma                8) Mitochondria matrix   9) Parasitic plants
        10) Carnivorous plants   11) Autotroph            12) C4 plants
        13) CAM plants           14) Auxin                15) Cytokinins
        16) Gibberellins         17) Abscisic acid        18) Brassinosteroids
        19) Ethylene             20) SUC2

 3_ Cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast.
14_ Plant hormone is involvedin phototropism and gravitropism.
 4_ Transmembrane transport mechanism requiresthe expenditure of energy.
 8_ The location where the Citric acid cycle takes place.
16_ Plant hormone can stimulate stem elongation and seed germination. 
19_ Plant hormone is involved in senescence.
 5_ Plants grow in the absence of soil.
13_ Plants temporally separate carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle.
 7_ The location where the Calvin cycle takes place.
11_ Organisms can use sunlightto manufacture carbohydrates.
 2_ Mass movement along a pressure gradientina column of xylem cells.
17_ Plant hormone is involved in stomata closure.
10_ Plants use modified leaves to trap insects and other animals.
18_ Plant hormone can promote growth and regulate body size._
 6_ Enhance plant nutrition mainly by absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae.
20_ Plant gene encodes a proton-sucrose symporter expressed in vascular tissue.
12_ Plants spatially separate carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle.
 9_ Plants live on or in a host, obtaining water or nutrients from the host.
 1_ Water channel localizedin the plasma membrane.
15_ Plant hormone is adenine-like compound and can promote cell division.

(C) Questions (20%; each 10%)
 1. Please explain substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. 
        substrate-level phosphorylation
        呼吸作用中，糖解作用(glycolysis)步驟中用來合成ATP的方式。酵素會將受質(substrate)上的磷酸根轉到ADP上以合成ATP。
        oxidative phosphorylation
        呼吸作用中，電子傳遞鍊(electron transport chain)步驟中用來合成ATP的方式。NADH和FADH2氧化後丟出電子到電子傳遞鍊。在電子從高能階移動到低能階的過程中，釋放的能量會使氫離子(proton)累積到mitochondria intermembrane space以創造氫離子濃度梯度。接著ATP synthase會用氫離子濃度梯度合成ATP。因為能量來自NADH和FADH2的氧化，所以稱為oxidative phosphorylation。
        photophosphorylation
        光合作用中，電子傳遞鍊(electron transport chain)步驟中用來合成ATP的方式。Photosystem II反應中心的葉綠素分子吸收光能後，電子被激發並傳遞到電子傳遞鍊。電子傳遞的過程中放出的能量會使氫離子(proton) 累積到stroma，接著ATP synthase會用氫離子濃度梯度合成ATP。因為能量來自光子，所以稱為photophosphorylation。
 2. Please describe what’s the “cohesion-tension theory” and “pressure-flow hypothesis”.
        cohesion-tension theory
        解釋因為蒸散作用帶動水分在木質部(xylem) 中的向上移動過程。水分從葉子氣孔中蒸散後，會造成空氣與水的交界，所產生的表面張力(tension) 會將木質部中的水分拉出。水分子在木質部中因為氫鍵作用產生的內聚力(cohesion) 也會帶動水分子往上移動。
        pressure-flow hypothesis
        解釋韌皮部(phloem)中蔗糖的運輸。Source細胞會把蔗糖運送到韌皮部中稱為phloem loading。因為蔗糖的移入使得韌皮部中水勢(water potential) 下降，水分會從相鄰的木質部移動進入韌皮部，造成膨壓(turgor pressure)增加並推動蔗糖往sink部分移動。之後蔗糖會進入sink細胞(phloem unloading)，使得韌皮部中水勢增加，水分便從韌皮部回到木質部，使膨壓下降。所以source的高膨壓會推動蔗糖移動到低膨壓的sink, 稱作pressure-flow hypothesis。

Bonus 10%(each 5%)
請自行寫出你在這四週課程範圍學習到，覺得較熟悉又喜歡的2個專有名詞並加以解釋。
※ 編輯: oopzzozzo (140.112.16.136), 05/15/2018 12:22:43
※ 編輯: oopzzozzo (140.112.16.136), 05/15/2018 17:14:13