課程名稱︰社會學
課程性質︰必修
課程教師︰賴守誠
開課系所︰農推系
考試時間︰94/11/09 2:20~5:30
試題 :
(共二部分;第一部分英譯中2:20~3:20 第二部分申論3:30~5:30)
壹.專業英文中譯:(共十小題40%;作答時間:60分鐘)
1.According to Sapir and Whorf,since people can conceptualize the world
only through language, language precedes thought.Thus,the word symbols
and grammar of a language organize the world for us.The Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis also holds that language is not a "given".Rather it is culturally
determined and leads to different interpretations of reality by focusing
our attention on certain phenomena.
2.Sociologist William Graham Sumner(1906)coined the term ethnocentrism to
refer the tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life constitute
the norm or are superior to all others.The ethnocentrism person sees his
or her own group as the center or defining point of culture and views all
other cultures as deviations from what is "normal".
3.A subculture is a segment of a society that shares a distinctive pattern of
mores,folkways,and values that differs from the pattern of the larger
society.In a sense,a subcultural can be thought of as a existing within a
larger,dominant culture.The existence of many subcultures is characteristic
of complex societies such as the United States.
4.Adolescents among the Kota people of the Congo in Africa paint themselves
blue,...,Egyptian mothers step over their new born infants seven times,
students at the Naval Academy throws hats in the air.These are all of
celebrating rite of passage,a means of dramatizing and validating change in
a person's status.
5.Sociologist,in general,are interesting in the patterns of behavior and
attitudes that emerge throughout the life course,from infancy to old age.
These patterns of part of the process of socialization,whereby people
learn the attitude, values, and behavior appropriate for members of a
particular culture.Socialization occurs through human interactions.
6.An ascribed status is "assigned" to a person by society without regard for
the person's unique talents or characteristic.Generally, this assignment
takes place at birth. ...Unlike ascribed statuses, an achieved status comes
to us largely through our own efforts. ...You must do something to acquire
an achieved status.
7.Through our lives, we are acquiring what sociologists call social roles.
A social role is a set of expectation for people who occupy a given
social position or status. ...With each distinctive social status-whether
ascribed or achieved-come particular role expectation. However, actual
performance varies from individual to individual.
8.[Max] Weber pointed out that the followers John Calvin(1509-1564),a leader
of Protestant Reformation, emphasized a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly
concerns, and a rational orientation to life that have become known as the
Protestant ethic. One byproduct of the Protestant ethic was a drive to
accumulate savings that could be used for future investment.
9.Robert Merton(1968) made a important distinction between manifest and latent
functions.Manifest functions of institution are open, stated, conscious
functions.They involve the intended, recognized consequences of an aspect
of society. ...By contrast, latent functions are unconscious or unintended
functions and may reflect hidden purposes of an institution.
10.As in many real-life prisons, the simulated prison ... had a social
structure in which guards held virtually total control over prisoner.They
terms social structure refers to the way in which a society is organized
into predictable relationship. The social structure of Zimbardo's mock
prison influenced the interactions between the guards and prisoners.
Zimbardo(1992;576) notes that it was a real prison "in the minds of the
jailers and their captives".
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