課程名稱︰社會學
課程性質︰系必修
課程教師︰賴守誠
開課系所︰農推系
考試時間︰95/11/08 14:30-15:30
是否需發放獎勵金：是
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試題 :
壹‧專業英文中譯（共十小題40%；作答時間：60分鐘）：
1.Sociologist refer to the concentration of cultural power as cultural
hegemony, which is defined as the pervasive and excessive influence of one
culture throughout society. ... Through cultural hegemony, those who control
cultural institutions can also control people's political awareness because
the rulers create cultural beliefs that make the rule of those in power seem
inevitable and right.
2.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that language provides the categories
through which social reality is understood. In other words, Sapir and Whorf
thought that language determines what people think because language forces
people to perceive the world in certain terms. It is not that you perceive
something first and then think of how to express it, but that language
itself determines what you think and perceive.
3.As formal organizations develop, many become a bureaucracy, a type of formal
organization characterized by and authority hierachy, a clear division of
labor, and explicit rules. Bureaucracise are notorious for their unwieldy
size and complexity, as well as for their reputation of being highly
impersonal and machinelike in their operation.
4.A rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual that marks the passage of an
individual from one role to another. Rites of passage define and legitimize
abrupt role changes that begin or end each stage of life. ... Rites of
passage entail public announcement of the new status, for the benefit of
both the individual and those with whom the newly anointed person will
interact.
5.Primary and secondary groups are groups that have members. Reference groups
are those to which you may or may not belong, but that you use as a standard
for evaluating your values, attitudes, and behaviors. Reference groups are
generalized versions of role models. They are not "groups" in the sense that
the individual interacts within (or in) them.
6.Jean Piaget (1896-1980) believed that learning was crucial to socialization,
but imagination also had a critical role. He argued that the human mind
organizes experience into metal categories he called schema, whick are
modified and developed as social experiences accumulate. ...Humans do not
simply reapond tp stimulus, but also actively absorb experience and determine
what they are seeing to cinstruct a oicture of the world.
7.Positivism is a system of thought in which accurate observation and
description is considered the highest form of knowledge, as opposed to
religious dogma or poetic inspiration. The modern scientific method, which
quides sociological research, grew out of positivism. Humanitarianism is the
principle that human reason can direct social change for the betterment of
socity. The thread of social refom that has always been a part of sociology
can be traced to humanitarian movement.
8.Ethnocentrism creates a strong sense of group solidarity and group
superiority, but it also discourages intercultural or intergroup
understanding. A good example is seen in nationalism, the sense of identity
that arises when one group exalts its own culture over all other groups and
organizes politically and socially around this principle. Nationalist groups
tend to be highly exclusionary, rejecting those who do not share their
cultural experience and judging all other cultures to be inferior.
9.Socialization is the process by which people learn the expectation of
society. Roles are learned through the socializtion process and are the
expected behavior associated with a given status in society. Through
socialization, people absorb their culture -- custom, habits, laws,
practices, and means of expression. Socialization is the basis for identity,
which is how one defines oneself. Identity is both personal and social.
10.Symbolic interaction considers immediate social interaction to be the place
where "society" exists. ...According to symbolic interactions, people behave
based on what they believe, not just on what is objectively true. Thus,
society is considered to be socially constructed through human
interpretation. Symbolic interactionists see meaning as constantly modified
through social interaction. People interpret one another's behavior, and
these interpretations from social bonds.
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