課程名稱︰普通心理學丙
課程性質︰必修
課程教師︰連韻文
開課系所︰社會系
考試時間︰2005/11/08 15:45~17:15
試題 :
第一部分：單選題（每題２分，共９６分）
1.If you believe that human consciousness is made up of individual components,
you agree with the _____ approach to psychology.
(a) behaviorist
(b) functionalist
(c) Gestalt
(d) structuralist
2.With regard to mental processes,some behaviorist (such as Skinner) suggested
that _____.
(a) mental processes were what made human behavior different from animal
behavior
(b) mental processes were the most important aspect of behavior
(c) mental processes play no role in caousing behavior
(d) mental processes underlying behavior were as important as the behaviors
themselves
3.The famous saying that "No man is an island," specifically highlights the
relevance of the level of the _____.
(a) group
(b) brain and person
(c) media
(d) Brain
(e) person
4.If you give a child a cookie as a reward for cleaning his or her room, you
are training the child by means of _____.
(a) motivation
(b) cognition
(c) punishment
(d) repetition
(e) reinforcement
5.Psychodynamic theory suggests that abnormal behavior is the result of a
continuous push-and-pull interaction among _____ forces.
(a) behavioral and cognitive
(b) religious and societal
(c) active and passive
(d) conscious and unconscious
6.All of the following comparisons of groups would necessarily be made using
a quasi-experimental design EXCEPT _____.
(a) men vs. women
(b) cancer patients vs. non-cancer patients
(c) elderly vs. young individuals
(d) individuals exposed to a violent film vs. those not exposed to this film
7.Which of the following statements is true?
(a) Negative correlation indicates no relationship between the two variables.
(b) Double-blind design is a good method used to avoid subjects' response
bias.
(c) Reliability means that a method provides a true measure of what it is
supposed to measure.
(d) None of the above.
8.Suppose Dr. Lin notices that men and wowen seem to react to the birth of a
chile very differently and wonders whether there truly is a difference
between these two groups. As such, he is considering the step of _____.
(a) specifying a problem
(b) testing the theory
(c) forming a hypothesis
(d) observing events
(e) testing the hypothesis
9.Which of the following statements is true?
(a) The conclusion drawn from quasi-experimental design could be as same as
experimental design.
(b) Survery cannot be used to test a hypothesis because it lacks of
expermental control.
(c) Researches can't perform experiments in case studies.
(d) Causal relationship can be drawn from well-designed correlational
researches.
(e) None of the above is true.
10.As part of a phychology experiment, Cindy decides to measure a person's
"friendliness" by noting the number of smiles a person make in a twenty
minute social interaction with a stranger. Cindy appears to have offerd a(n)
_____ of friendliness.
(a) variable
(b) operational difinition
(c) theory
(d) hypothesis
(e) confound
11.Dr. Chen has individuals run on a treadmill for 0, 15, and 30 minutes and
then measure their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the
independent variable is _____.
(a) the self-reported mood
(b) the individuals who run for 15 or 30 minutes.
(c) the individuals who run for 0 minutes.
(d) the number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill
(e) not known based on the given information
12.Independent variable is _____; whereas dependent variable is _____.
(a) effect; confounding variable
(b) experimental; correlation
(c) variable to be manipulated; thing to be measured
(d) thing to be measured; variable to be manipulated
13.Which of the following statements concerning the nervous system is true?
(a) The sympathesis nervous system readies an animal to cope with an
emergency.
(b) A reflex sends the stimulus which it received to both the spinal cord
and the brain.
(c) The autonomic nervous system has two part: the peripheral nervous system
and the skeletal system
(d) Parasympathetic accelerates the heart rates.
14.Which of the following statements is true?
(a) If a surgeon has to remove the left occipital lobe, the patient will not
be able to see things to his or her left side when looking ahead.
(b) The unilateral visual neglect patients are really blind.
(c) Spilt-brain procedure has been used to help patients with stroke.
(d) People with damaga to the frontal regious may have difficulty reasoning
or have trouble controling their emotions.
15.Choose the correct sequence of the neuroimaging technique described below:
(1)Uses a series X rays to builds up a three-dimentional image;(2)Use the
magnetic properties of different atoms to take pictures of the structure of
the brain; (3)Measure blood flow or energy consumption in the brain by using
radiation.
(a) fMRI/CT/PET
(b) CT/fMRI/PET
(c) PET/fMRI/CT
(d) CT/PET/fMRI
16.If someone feels that he can not see anything, there may be something wrong
with his _____.
(a) eyes
(b) Optic nerve(all of them)
(c) Occipital lobe
(d) All of the above.
17.Select the correct order of neural transmission: (a) action potential (b)
transmitter fits receptor site on the receiving neuron's membrane (c)
neurotransmitter go through the synaptic cleft (d) synaptic vesicles open
and release neurotransmitter (e) axon terminal
(a) acedb
(b) edcab
(c) aedcb
(d) ecbad
18.Which of the following statements concerning punishment is NOT true?
(a) Nagative punishment is the removal of a pleasant event or circumstance
following a behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of desired
behavior.
(b) Punishment could decrease the frequency of a behavior and could not
eliminate the capacity to engage in the behavior.
(c) Punishment alone hasn't been found to be as effective as punishment
used in combination with reinfrocement.
(d) Punishment doesn't convey information about what behavior should be
exhibited in place of the undersired punished behavior.
19. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?
(a) All the CS could elicit classical conditioning equally because
classical conditioning is usually involves involuntary reflaxes.
(b) In classical conditioning, an organism's learning is based on the
association between US with CS.
(c) Simultaneous conditioning is more effective than delayed conditioning.
(d) Backward pairing could also elicit CR, but this response is weaker than
that is elicited by forward conditioning.
(d) All of the above is true.
20."A little child whines to his mothor when she is busy working. His mother
gives him a candy to make him stop crying. And the child stops whining."
Which of the following statements concerning the instance mentioned is true?
(a) As to the mother, the behavior of giving the child a candy belongs to
"negative inforcement."
(b) As to the child, the behavior of whining is a "positive reinforcement."
(c) This is the phenomenon of operant conditioning.
(d) All of the above is true.
21."In the first stage of an experiment, a rat heard a tone and then receive a
shock. And this rat learned fear conditioning when hear tone. In the second
stage, the light and the tone occurred in the same time, and then followed
the shock. In the last stage, the light was presented alone." In an
experiment descirbed above, which is the response of the rat in the last
stage? How to explain its response?"
(a) The fear response didn't occur because the tone had already blocked the
association of light so that light alone could predict the shock.
(b) The fear response did occur because the association of tone and the
light is an example of "higher order conditioning" so that light alone
could elicit the fear response of the rat.
(c) The fear response did occur because the association of tone and the
light is an example of "delayed conditioning" so that light alone
could elicit the fear response of the rat.
(d) All of the above is true.
22.Which of the following statements concerning the learning is NOT true?
(a) Habituation is the simplest form of learning, which means that an
organism's responsiveness would be more sensitive to a stimulous when
repeated exposure to that.
(b) The effect advertisement is an example of application of classcical
conditioning.
(c) Latent learning is a form of cognitive learning, but not all cognitive
learning is Latent learning.
(d) The imitation of acts of violence from TV is an example of observational
learning.
23.Which of the following statements concerning classical conditioning is NOT
ture?
(a) The effect of higher order conditioning is not as strong as original
conditional.
(b) If CS repeated present without US for a long time, the association
could be eliminated completely.
(c) Some classical conditioning such as taste aversion usually acquired
afrer only a single experience of CS-US pairing.
(d) All of the above is true.
24.Which of the following statements concerning operant conditioning is NOT
true?
(a) "Law of effect" is a hypothesis of operant conditioning.
(b) Relative to classical conditioning, operant conditioning is more active,
voluntary,and nonreflexive.
(c) Delayed reinforcement is usually has the same effect as immediate
reinforcement in operant conditioning.
(d) When someone has learned a behavior through operant conditioning with
partial reinforcement schedule, it usually difficult to extinct the
behavior.
25.Peter had been scared by a rat when he was a little child. When he grew up,
the rabbit,the dog, a fur coat, cotton all elicited the conditioned
response of fear. This is the example of _____.
(a) Higher order conditioning
(b) Stimulus generalization
(c) Biological contrapreparedness
(d) Avoidance learning
26.(圖略)
27.We usually feel hungry at mealtime but not between meals even if we don't
eat anything all the day. Which concept could be used to explain this
phenomenon?
(a) Habituation
(b) Spontaneous recovery
(c) Classical conditioning
(d) Operant conditioning
28.Which of the following statements concerning partial reinforcement is NOT
ture?
(a) Initial learning is slower with partial reinforcement than with
continuous reinforcement.
(b) The effect of the partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction
than continuous reinforcement.
(c) Fixed interval is the best way to reward employees due to the need of
stability.
(d) Reinforcement with variable ratio schedule is the most resistant to
extinction.
29.Which of the following statements is NOT true about moral development?
(a) Kohlberg identified three levels of moral development: the
preconventional level, the conventional level, and the postconventional
level.
(b) Some researchers found that Kohlberg's experiment may have some weakness,
such as the effects of different cultures,or different sex.
(c) Conscience and empathy are also the characters that can direct moral
behavior.
(d) No matter what kinds of the dilemma we enconter, we always use the same
types of moral reasoning.
30.In an experiment, children are told that a body hides his candy in a drawer
and his mother moves the candy to a cupboard after he leave the room.
Children are then asked where the boy thinks his candy is hidden when he
returns. This kind of experiment is used to assess the chileren's _____.
(a) theory of mind
(b) out-of-side/out-of-mind behavior
(c) private speech
(d) attachment type
31.Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory is true?
(a) Cognitive development is all due to biological maturity and the
environment doesn't have any effect on it.
(b) Piaget divided the cognitive development into 4 periods and not every
child follows the same sequence.
(c) When children can perform concrete operations,they have the ability to
think abstractly and systematically.
(d) Children in the formal Operation Period can succeed in conservation
tasks.
32.Please choose the correct sequence of the 4 periods in Piaget's theory:
(1)preoperational period, (2)formal operations period, (3)sensorimotor
period, (4)concrete operations period.
(a) 1234
(b) 3124
(c) 3142
(d) 2341
33.In "Strange Situation" experiment, the No.1 baby is upset when mother leaves
,but calms down quickly when the mother returns. The No.2 baby stays close
to the mother and become angry when she leaves. But when she returns,the
baby does not calm down easily. The No.3 baby doesn't care very much whether
the mother is present or absent. When she returns, he does not immediately
graviate to her. What types of attachment are the three babies mentiond
above in sequence?
(a) avoidant, secure, resistant
(b) secure, avoidant, resistant
(c) secure, resistant, avoidant
(d) avoidant, resistant, secure
34.Please choose the right answer.
(a) Compared with Piaget, Vygotsky believed that the child constructs
representations of the world in the course of experiencing it firsthand.
(b) Private speech is a language used by the child in planning prompting
himself to behave in specific ways.
(c) According to Piaget's idea, all of a given child's thought reflects a
single underlying logic, which never changes with increasing age and
development.
(d) Both sensorimotor and preoperational children show "egocentrism" which
means "selfishness."
35. As described in the textbook, Seven Spielberg not only cares for his own
children but also makes it a point to help young directors who are just
starting out. Which of the following statements is closed to such altruism?
(a) Intimacy vs. isolation stage
(b) Midlife crises
(c) Generativity vs. self-absorption stage
(d) Integrity vs. despair
36.Which of the following statements about the new born is true?
(a) The new born babies have no ability yo smell.
(b) From their earliest hours, babies show the makings of individual
personalities. Even young babies differ in temperament.
(c) All the reflexes that babies have at birth maintain till they grow up.
(d) The Moro reflex helps babies to direct their mouths to the right
direction for sucking.
37.Which of the following statements is NOT true about Piaget's cognitive
development theory?
(a) The process of assimilation resulting in the change of schemas is
necessary for cognitive development.
(b) Schemas mean the mental structures that organize perceptual input and
connect it to the appropriate responses.
(c) Assimilation and accommodation are the engine that powers cognitive
development.
(d) According to Piaget, a child cannot perform abstract concepts until
formal operations period.
38.Which of the following statements is true concerning babies' perceptual and
cognitive development?
(a) The "visual cliff" experiment is used to assess babies' ability to
discriminate different objects.
(b) The "habituation" technique is used to assess babies' concept of
conservation.
(c) When children are "out of sight, out of mind" they do not possess the
ability of "object permanence."
(d) Perceptual development stops at the end of the first year of life.
39.Frank "feels" that most of his friends expect him to give up smoking and
eventually, he does so. This example is consistent with _____.
(a) obedience
(b) cognitive dissonance
(c) a self-fulfilling prophecy
(d) the primary effect
40.Suppose Jim, an office manager, is trying to minimize social status
differences. If he is to do so, he might encourage _____ communications.
(a) unstructured
(b) small group
(c) face-to -face
(d) structured
(e) e-mail
41.Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid(1977) had men call women they believed to be
either "attractive" and "unattractive". The men's behavior induced the
_____ women to talk in ways that _____.
(a) "unattractive"; the men considered aggressive.
(b) "unattractive"; were judge to be friendly and likable
(c) "attractive"; were judge to be friendly and likable
(d) "attractive"; made them sound insecure and shy
42.Comformity stemming from a desire to be right tends to occur when a
situation is _____.
(a) not viewed as a crisis
(b) highly positive
(c) ambiguous
(d) expected
43.In Fistinger and Carlsmith's(1959) classic study on cognitive dissonance,
participants who were paid $20 for doing a boring task, in contrast to those
who were paid $1 for doing the task, _____.
(a) liked the task equally as much
(b) were more likely to tell their friend to do the task
(c) liked the task more
(d) liked the task less
44.After agreeing to Tom's request to share her lecture notes from on class,
Mary now agrees to Tom's request to share her notes from three classes.
This example illustrates the _____ technique.
(a) door-in-the-face
(b) foot-in-the-door
(c) hardball
(d) lowball
45._____ considers how we try to maximize gains and minimize losses in our
relationships.
(a) The triangular model of love
(b) The similarity-attraction model
(c) Evolutionary psychology
(d) Social exchange theory
46.Our tendency to interpret others' behavior as due to internal causes rather
than situational ones is called the _____.
(a) stereotypes
(b) prejudice
(c) fundamental attribution error
(d) belief in a just world
47.The field of _____ psychology primarily considers our relationships with
other people.
(a) development
(b) personality
(c) health
(d) cognitive
48.Diane has just met Zack and thinks that he is very attractive and assumes
that he must have other positive traits. Diane's belief is consistent with
_____.
(a) mere exposure effect
(b) the halo effect
(c) cognitive dissonance
(d) a self-fulfilling prophecy
(e) fundamental attribution error
第二部分：配合題（每題１分，共８分）
1.classical conditioning (a)S. Freud
2.law of effect (b)structualism
3.the whole is more than the sum of its parts (c)E. Erikson
4.behaviorism (d)I. Pavlov
5.information process (e)E. Thorndike
6.introspection (f)congnitive psychology
7.pstchodynamic theory (g)B. F. Skinner
8.developmental crisis (h)Gestalt psychology
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