推 Killua7877 :已收錄 12/30 22:39
課程名稱︰演化生物學
課程性質︰系內學群課程
課程教師︰胡哲明/丁照棣
開課學院：生命科學院
開課系所︰生命科學系
考試日期（年月日）︰2009/11/18
考試時限（分鐘）：120 分鐘，但有延長
是否需發放獎勵金：否
（如未明確表示，則不予發放）
試題:
開書考，可攜帶課本、講義、筆記應考，中英文作答皆可。
本次考題為胡哲明老師所出。
題目滿分100，10 分 bonus，分數最高給到 100 分。
1. It is possible for two different genes to imply different phylogenetic
relatiobships among a group of species. What are the possible reasons
for this? If there is only one true history of formation of these species,
what might we do in order to determine which (if either) gene accurately
potrays it? Is it possible for both phylogenetic trees to be accurate even
if there has been only one history of species divergence? (15 points)
2. Why, in the evolution of ancestral eukaryotes, might it have been
advantageous for seperate organisms to become united into a single
organism? Can you describe analogous, more recently evolved, examples of
intimate symbioses that function as single integrated organisms? What are
the benefits gained compared to the (original) seperated form? (10 points)
3.Until recently, the plant family Dipterocarpaceae (龍腦香科) was thougt
to be restricted to tropical Asia, where many speceis are ecologically
dominant trees. Recently, a new species of tree in this family was
discovered in the rain forest of Columbia, in northern South America, and
how could you test those hypothesis? (10 points)
4.Bistinguish between the rate of speciation in a higher taxon and its
rate if diversification. What are the possible relationship between the
present number of speceis in a taxon, its rate of speciation, and its rate
of diversification? (10 points)
5.Populations of some species of fish, insects, and crustaceans consists of
both sexually and obligately asexually reproducing individuals? Would you
expect such populations to become entirely asexual or sexual? What factors
might be maintain both reproductive modes? How might studies shed light on
factors that maintain sexual reproduction? (15 points)
6. Development of a morphological structure involves many different types
of gene products, including trnascription facotrs, signaling proteins, and
"effector" genes such as enzyme. When a morphological change occurs in a
singke mutation step, which of these types might be more or less likely to
be involved? Within a gene, would such single-step events be more likely to
involved coding or non-coding sequences, and what characteristics of gene's
function might affact this likelihood? (15 points)
7.Paleontologists and some biologists commonly infer function, and even
behavior, from anatomical details. Skeletal feature, for example, are often
used to infer that an extinct mammal (such as an early hominin) was highly,
somewhat, or not at all arboreal. This inferences assumes a good fit of form
to function (i.e. optimal form.) Can this assumption be justified?
(15 points)
8. Why are highly expressed genes often characterized by a low rate of
evolution? (10 points)
--Bonus--
1. Codon bias is a phenomenon whereby certain codons are substituted more
often in phylogenetic lineages than other (synonymous) codons that encodes
the same amino acid. What might account for codon bias? (10 points)
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