課程名稱︰普通地質學
課程教師︰朱傚祖 副教授
開課學院：理
開課系所︰地理系
考試日期（年月日）︰2008/6/19
是否需發放獎勵金：是
*[1;33m（如未明確表示，則不予發放）*[m
試題 :
(A)問答題18題,第一題10分,其餘17題選答14題，每題4分,共66分
1. 述說如何從沈積物形成沈積岩及如何從沈積岩形成變質岩的過程。舉例在野外實習中
在何處看到不同類別沈積物、沈積岩及變質岩。
2. Describe the geologic settings where thermal, dynamic, and dynamothermal
metamorphism take place.
3. Why does metamorphism happen at the site of meteor impacts, along
mid-ocean ridges, and deep in the mantle?
4. What is the Wadati-Benioff zone, and why was it important in understanding
plate
tectonics?
5. Explain how liquefaction occurs in an earthquake, and how it can cause
damage.
6. What factors influence whether a rock will behave in brittle or ductile
fashion?
7. How is a fault different from a joint?
8. Describe the principles that allow us to determine the relative ages of
geologic events.
9. Describe the differences between the three kinds of unconformities.
10. Why is carbon-14 dating useful in archaeology, but useless for dating
dinosaur fossils?
11. List some methods by which geologists study the past.
12. How do porosity and permeability affect the oil-bearing potential of a
rock?
13. Discuss the pros and cons of various alternative energy sources.
14. How does a slump differ from creep? How does it differ from a mudflow or
debris flow?
15. What factors determine whether a stream is permanent or ephemeral?
16. Describe how meanders form, develop, are cut off, and then are abandoned.
17. How do mountain glaciers and continental glaciers differ in terms of
dimensions, thickness, and patterns of movement?
18. How does a glacier transform a V-shaped river valley into a U-shaped
valley? Discuss how hanging valleys develop.
(B) 選擇題 34題,每題1分,共34分
1. At the surface, potassium feldspar reacts with water to form clay; this is
an example of ____________.
A. diagenesis C. metamorphism
B. erosion D. weathering
2. What is a difference between schist and gneiss?
A. Schist generally contains a greater variety of minerals.
B. Gneiss usually contains more mica.
C. Gneiss contains a greater variety of minerals.
D. Gneiss is foliated, schist is nonfoliated.
3. The region of thermally metamorphosed rock surrounding a cooled pluton is
called a(n) ____________.
A. shear zone C. oriole
B. aureole D. oleo
4. The protolith subjected to metamorphism ____________.
A. is always metamorphic rock to begin with
B. is always igneous rock
C. is always sedimentary rock
D. may belong to any of the three primary rock types
5. The intersection between a fault plane and the ground surface is called
the ____________.
A. dip line C. fault trace
B. plunge D. seismic interface
6. The relationship between stress and strain is that ____________.
A. stress is a result of strain
B. strain is a result of stress
C. “stress” and “strain” are exact synonyms
D. “strain” is used in everyday speech to connote weariness, but has no
meaning in geology
7. Aftershocks following a major earthquake ____________.
A. may continue for days after the initial earthquake
B. are mostly much smaller than the original earthquake
C. may occur on the same fault as the original earthquake, or a different
fault
D. all of the above
8. Surface waves ____________.
A. travel more rapidly than body waves
B. produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes
C. are the first waves initially produced in an earthquake
D. are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake
9. The worldwide seismic network has played an important role in human
political history because seismographs detect not only the waves emitted by
earthquakes but also ____________.
A. the vibrations of submarines in deep water
B. underground nuclear explosions
C. the activities of astronauts on the Moon
D. the flight paths of Scud missiles
10. Long-term prediction of earthquake behavior ____________.
A. is based on past earthquake activity
B. works on the principle that zones of past seismicity will be active in the
future
C. includes the notion of seismic gaps—places where an earthquake is “
overdue.”
D. all of the above
11. An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ____________.
A. orogeny C. aureole
B. phylogeny D. slickenside
12. Change in shape, induced by stress, is termed ____________.
A. plastic deformation C. strain
B. pressure release D. metamorphosis
13. Movement along faults often produces sharply angled rock fragments termed
____________.
A. fault gouge C. fault breccia
B. rock flour D. slickensides
14. On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a
bull’s eye pattern of concentric circles, with the youngest unit in the
center, the underlying structure is a(n) ____________.
A. anticline C. dome
B. basin D. syncline
15. James Hutton, the “father of geology,” put forth the principle of
____________.
A. superposition C. original horizontality
B. original continuity D. uniformitarianism
16. If the lithology and fossil content of two bodies of rock on opposite
sides of a canyon are identical, then these remaining outcrops were likely
physically connected at one time and formed part of an extensive, sheet-like
layer of rock. This idea summarizes the principle of ____________.
A. superposition C. original horizontality
B. original continuity D. uniformitarianism
17. Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time
scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________, in conjunction with
relative age data.
A. fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks
B. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks
C. radiometric dating of igneous rocks
D. radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks
18. Precisely speaking, a measured radiometric age for a mineral crystal
within an igneous rock denotes the amount of time that has passed since the
____________.
A. atoms within the crystal were part of a body of molten magma
B. crystal solidified
C. temperature of the crystal became equal to the Curie point for the mineral
D. temperature of the crystal became equal to the blocking temperature for
the
mineral
19. The Cambrian period is a time in Earth history when ____________.
A. the first abundant shelly organisms appear in the fossil record
B. Earth’s interior was so hot that a solid outer crust, if present, was
likely being extensively remelted
C. stable continental interiors, termed cratons, first formed
D. the dinosaurs first appeared and came to dominate large-scale terrestrial
life
20. The Mesozoic era is a time in Earth history when ____________.
A. the first abundant shelly organisms appear in the fossil record
B. Earth’s interior was so hot that a solid outer crust, if present, was
likely being extensively remelted
C. stable continental interiors, termed cratons, first formed
D. the dinosaurs first appeared and came to dominate large-scale terrestrial
life
21. The Cambrian explosion not only produced an abundance of new animal
species but also gave rise to the first shells, spines, and active swimmers.
This suggests the important influence of ____________ in driving animal
evolution.
A. photosynthetic organisms C. carnivorous predators
B. atmospheric oxygen D. filter-feeding organisms
22. Which of the following lists contains only fossil fuels?
A. coal, oil, natural gas C. coal, wood, natural gas
B. coal, geothermal, wind D. hydroelectric, geothermal, wind
23. In photosynthesis, plants and algae combine carbon dioxide and water to
produce ____________.
A. nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide
B. methane and ammonia
C. sugar and sulfur dioxide
D. sugar and oxygen
24. Most of the world’s coal was deposited in coal swamps during the
____________.
A. Cretaceous C. Carboniferous
B. Ordovician D. Jurassic
25. U-235, the isotope of uranium commonly utilized in nuclear power plants,
is ____________.
A. the most common of the naturally occurring isotopes of that element
B. heavier than the other well-known isotope of uranium
C. rare even in uranium oxide deposits, and thus usable reactor fuel must be
enriched with respect to this isotope
26. Which of the following types of mass movement takes place most gradually?
A. slump C. rock slide
B. creep D. mudflow
27. The principle difference between a debris flow and a mudflow is the
____________.
A. shape of the path taken by the moving mass
B. grain size of the moving mass
C. former mass contains abundant water whereas the latter is dry
D. former mass contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption
28. Which of the following factors decreases the risk of mass movement?
A. nearby earthquakes
B. excavation into the base of a hill
C. adding weight to the top of a hill
D. adding vegetation to the side of a hill
29. Mass movement and mass wasting are ____________.
A. similar, but mass wasting takes place at faster rates
B. similar, but mass wasting always takes place on a slope that is nearly
vertical
C. opposites: mass movements cause sediments to locally thicken; mass wasting
events strip away soil
D. the same thing
30. The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the ____________.
A. base level C. stream gradient
B. floodplain D. thalweg
31. Ephemeral streams ____________.
A. consist of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with
sediment
B. have flowing water either episodically or during a portion of the year
C. have a main channel that is highly sinuous (curvy)
D. are those that “steal” water from other streams, which they intersect
32. Which of these rivers has the greatest volumetric discharge?
A. the Mississippi C. the Amazon
B. the Nile D. the Congo
33. Cirques and horns are features associated with ____________.
A. mountain glaciation C. glacial outwash deposits
B. continental glaciation D. loess deposits
34. Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt are characterized
by ____________.
A. uniformly coarse grain size C. very poor sorting
B. uniformly fine grain size D. graded bedding
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